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Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth

Updated

Different classes of antibiotics given to women routinely for preventing infection at caesarean section

Pelvic floor muscle training for preventing and treating urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and postnatal women

Updated

Probiotics for preventing gestational diabetes

New

Progestogens for preventing miscarriage: a network meta-analysis

New

Ultrasound for diagnosis of birth weight discordance in twin pregnancies

Updated

Umbilical vein injection for management of retained placenta

Updated

Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for women at risk during pregnancy and the early postnatal period

Updated

Zinc supplementation for improving pregnancy and infant outcome

Abdominal decompression for suspected fetal compromise/pre-eclampsia

Abdominal decompression in normal pregnancy

Abdominal surgical incisions for caesarean section

Absorbable suture materials for primary repair of episiotomy and second degree tears

Active versus expectant management for women in the third stage of labour

Acupuncture for turning a breech baby in pregnancy

Acupuncture or acupressure for induction of labour

Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management during labour

Acute tocolysis for uterine tachysystole or suspected fetal distress

Admission tests other than cardiotocography for fetal assessment during labour

Advance misoprostol distribution to pregnant women for preventing and treating postpartum haemorrhage

Aerobic exercise for women during pregnancy

Allopurinol for women in pregnancy for neuroprotection of the fetus

Altered dietary salt for preventing pre-eclampsia, and its complications

Alternative magnesium sulphate regimens for women with pre-eclampsia and eclampsia

Alternative positions for the baby at birth before clamping the umbilical cord

Alternative prophylactic therapies (acupuncture and/or moxibustion) for reducing blood loss in the third stage of labour

Alternative versus conventional institutional settings for birth

Alternative versus standard packages of antenatal care for low-risk pregnancy

Ambroxol for women at risk of preterm birth for preventing neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

Ambulatory versus conventional methods for monitoring blood pressure during pregnancy

Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling for prenatal diagnosis

Amnioinfusion for chorioamnionitis

Amnioinfusion for meconium-stained liquor in labour

Amnioinfusion for potential or suspected umbilical cord compression in labour

Amnioinfusion for third trimester preterm premature rupture of membranes

Amniotic fluid index versus single deepest vertical pocket as a screening test for preventing adverse pregnancy outcome

Amniotomy alone for induction of labour

Amniotomy for shortening spontaneous labour

Amniotomy plus intravenous oxytocin for induction of labour

Anaesthesia for evacuation of incomplete miscarriage

Anaesthesia/analgesia for manual removal of retained placenta

Analgesia for amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling

Analgesia for forceps delivery

Antenatal and intrapartum interventions for preventing cerebral palsy: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews

Antenatal breast examination for promoting breastfeeding

Antenatal breast milk expression by women with diabetes for improving infant outcomes

Antenatal breastfeeding education for increasing breastfeeding duration

Antenatal cardiotocography for fetal assessment

Antenatal corticosteroids for fetal lung maturation: an overview of Cochrane reviews

Antenatal day care units versus hospital admission for women with complicated pregnancy

Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake

Antenatal dietary supplementation with myo-inositol in women during pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes

Antenatal education for self-diagnosis of the onset of active labour at term

Antenatal immunoglobulin for fetal red blood cell alloimmunization

Antenatal interventions for fetomaternal alloimmune thrombocytopenia

Antenatal interventions for preventing stillbirth, fetal loss and perinatal death: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews

Antenatal interventions for preventing the transmission of cytomegalovirus (CMV) from the mother to fetus during pregnancy and adverse outcomes in the congenitally infected infant

Antenatal interventions for reducing weight in obese women for improving pregnancy outcome

Antenatal lower genital tract infection screening and treatment programs for preventing preterm delivery

Antenatal maternal education for improving postnatal perineal healing for women who have birthed in a hospital setting

Antenatal perineal massage for reducing perineal trauma

Antenatal phenobarbital for reducing neonatal jaundice after red cell isoimmunization

Antenatal psychosocial assessment for reducing perinatal mental health morbidity

Antenatal screening for Down's syndrome: generic protocol

Anti-D administration after childbirth for preventing Rhesus alloimmunisation

Anti-D administration after spontaneous miscarriage for preventing Rhesus alloimmunisation

Anti-D administration in pregnancy for preventing Rhesus alloimmunisation

Antibiotic prophylaxis during the second and third trimester to reduce adverse pregnancy outcomes and morbidity

Antibiotic prophylaxis for episiotomy repair following vaginal birth

Antibiotic prophylaxis for operative vaginal delivery

Antibiotic prophylaxis for third- and fourth-degree perineal tear during vaginal birth

Antibiotic prophylaxis versus no prophylaxis for preventing infection after cesarean section

Antibiotic regimens for management of intra-amniotic infection

Antibiotic regimens for management of intraamniotic infection

Antibiotic regimens for postpartum endometritis

Antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy

Antibiotics for gonorrhoea in pregnancy

Antibiotics for mastitis in breastfeeding women

Antibiotics for meconium-stained amniotic fluid in labour for preventing maternal and neonatal infections

Antibiotics for prelabour rupture of membranes at or near term

Antibiotics for preterm rupture of membranes

Antibiotics for syphilis diagnosed during pregnancy

Antibiotics for treating bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy

Antibiotics for treating gonorrhoea in pregnancy

Antibiotics for ureaplasma in the vagina in pregnancy

Antibiotics prior to amniotomy for reducing infectious morbidity in mother and infant

Anticoagulant therapy for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in pregnancy

Antidepressant treatment for postnatal depression

Antidepressants for preventing postnatal depression

Antifibrinolytic drugs for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage

Antihypertensive drug therapy for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy

Antioxidants for preventing pre-eclampsia

Antiplatelet agents for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications

Antipsychotic drugs for non-affective psychosis during pregnancy and postpartum

Antiretrovirals for reducing the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection

Antispasmodics for labour

Antithrombotic therapy for improving maternal or infant health outcomes in women considered at risk of placental dysfunction

Aromatherapy for pain management in labour

Aspirin (single dose) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period

Aspirin and/or heparin for women with unexplained recurrent miscarriage with or without inherited thrombophilia

Aspirin or heparin or both for improving pregnancy outcomes in women with persistent antiphospholipid antibodies and recurrent pregnancy loss

Assessment and support during early labour for improving birth outcomes

Baby-led compared with scheduled (or mixed) breastfeeding for successful breastfeeding

Bed rest during pregnancy for preventing miscarriage

Bed rest in hospital for suspected impaired fetal growth

Bed rest in singleton pregnancies for preventing preterm birth

Bed rest with and without hospitalisation in multiple pregnancy for improving perinatal outcomes

Bed rest with or without hospitalisation for hypertension during pregnancy

Betamimetics for inhibiting preterm labour

Betamimetics for suspected impaired fetal growth

Biochemical tests of placental function for assessment in pregnancy

Biochemical tests of placental function versus ultrasound assessment of fetal size for stillbirth and small-for-gestational-age infants

Biofeedback for pain management during labour

Biophysical profile for fetal assessment in high risk pregnancies

Breast stimulation for cervical ripening and induction of labour

Breastfeeding education and support for women with twins or higher order multiples

Breastfeeding or nipple stimulation for reducing postpartum haemorrhage in the third stage of labour

Buccal or sublingual misoprostol for cervical ripening and induction of labour

Caesarean section for non-medical reasons at term

Caesarean section versus vaginal delivery for preterm birth in singletons

Caesarean section versus vaginal delivery for preventing mother to infant hepatitis C virus transmission

Calcium channel blockers for inhibiting preterm labour and birth

Calcium channel blockers for potential impaired fetal growth

Calcium supplementation (other than for preventing or treating hypertension) for improving pregnancy and infant outcomes

Calcium supplementation commencing before or early in pregnancy, for preventing hypertensive disorders of pregnancy

Calcium supplementation during pregnancy for preventing hypertensive disorders and related problems

Carbetocin for preventing postpartum haemorrhage

Cardiotocography versus intermittent auscultation of fetal heart on admission to labour ward for assessment of fetal wellbeing

Care prior to and during subsequent pregnancies following stillbirth for improving outcomes

Castor oil, bath and/or enema for cervical priming and induction of labour

Cephalic version by moxibustion for breech presentation

Cephalic version by postural management for breech presentation

Cervical assessment by ultrasound for preventing preterm delivery

Cervical pessary for preventing preterm birth

Cervical ripening before first trimester surgical evacuation for non-viable pregnancy

Cervical stitch (cerclage) for preventing pregnancy loss in women

Cervical stitch (cerclage) for preventing preterm birth in multiple pregnancy

Cervical stitch (cerclage) for preventing preterm birth in singleton pregnancy

Cervical stitch (cerclage) in combination with other treatments for preventing spontaneous preterm birth in singleton pregnancies

Chewing gum for enhancing early recovery of bowel function after caesarean section

Chinese herbal medicines for threatened miscarriage

Chinese herbal medicines for treating gestational diabetes mellitus

Chinese herbal medicines for treating pre-eclampsia

Chinese herbal medicines for unexplained recurrent miscarriage

Choice of instruments for assisted vaginal delivery

Closure versus non-closure of the peritoneum at caesarean section: short- and long-term outcomes

Combination chemotherapy for primary treatment of high-risk gestational trophoblastic tumour

Combination of tocolytic agents for inhibiting preterm labour

Combined diet and exercise interventions for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus

Combined hormonal versus nonhormonal versus progestin-only contraception in lactation

Combined oestrogen and progesterone for preventing miscarriage

Combined spinal-epidural versus epidural analgesia in labour

Combined spinal-epidural versus spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section

Community-based intervention packages for reducing maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality and improving neonatal outcomes

Complementary and alternative therapies for pain management in labour

Complementary and alternative therapies for post-caesarean pain

Complementary and alternative therapies for shortening labour

Conservative management of symptomatic and/or complicated haemorrhoids in pregnancy and the puerperium

Continuous and interrupted suturing techniques for repair of episiotomy or second-degree tears

Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour

Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple daily injections of insulin for pregnant women with diabetes

Continuous support for women during childbirth

Controlled cord traction for the third stage of labour

Corticosteroids for HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets) syndrome in pregnancy

Corticosteroids for cervical ripening and induction of labour

Corticosteroids for preventing neonatal respiratory morbidity after elective caesarean section at term

Cranberries for treating asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy

Creatine for women in pregnancy for neuroprotection of the fetus

Critical incident audit and feedback to improve perinatal and maternal mortality and morbidity

Cup feeding versus other forms of supplemental enteral feeding for newborn infants unable to fully breastfeed

Customised versus population-based growth charts as a screening tool for detecting small for gestational age infants in low-risk pregnant women

Cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibitors for preventing preterm labour

Cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibitors for threatened miscarriage

Cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibitors for treating preterm labour

Daily oral iron supplementation during pregnancy

Deflation of gastric band balloon in pregnancy for improving outcomes

Diet or exercise, or both, for preventing excessive weight gain in pregnancy

Diet or exercise, or both, for weight reduction in women after childbirth

Dietary advice interventions in pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus

Dietary supplementation with myo-inositol in women during pregnancy for treating gestational diabetes

Dietary supplements for preventing postnatal depression

Different antibiotic regimens for treating asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy

Different communication strategies for disclosing results of diagnostic prenatal testing

Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth

Different insulin types and regimens for pregnant women with pre-existing diabetes

Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre-existing diabetes

Different intensities of glycaemic control for women with gestational diabetes mellitus

Different magnesium sulphate regimens for neuroprotection of the fetus for women at risk of preterm birth

Different methods and settings for glucose monitoring for gestational diabetes during pregnancy

Different strategies for diagnosing gestational diabetes to improve maternal and infant health

Different treatment regimens of magnesium sulphate for tocolysis in women in preterm labour

Different types of dietary advice for women with gestational diabetes mellitus

Directed preconception health programs and interventions for improving pregnancy outcomes for women who are overweight or obese

Discontinuation of epidural analgesia late in labour for reducing the adverse delivery outcomes associated with epidural analgesia

Discontinuation of intravenous oxytocin in the active phase of induced labour

Diuretics for preventing pre-eclampsia

Dopamine agonists for preventing future miscarriage in women with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia and recurrent miscarriage history

Drugs for general anaesthesia for caesarean section

Drugs for perineal pain in the early postpartum period: generic protocol

Drugs for preventing malaria in pregnant women in endemic areas: any drug regimen versus placebo or no treatment

Drugs for treating uncomplicated malaria in pregnant women

Drugs for treatment of very high blood pressure during pregnancy

Duration of treatment for asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy

Early additional food and fluids for healthy breastfed full-term infants

Early amniotomy and early oxytocin for prevention of, or therapy for, delay in first stage spontaneous labour compared with routine care

Early compared with delayed oral fluids and food after caesarean section

Early postnatal discharge from hospital for healthy mothers and term infants

Early pregnancy screening for identification of undiagnosed pre-existing diabetes to improve maternal and infant health

Early skin-to-skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants

Early versus late initiation of epidural analgesia for labour

Education for contraceptive use by women after childbirth

Effect of administration of antihelminthics for soil-transmitted helminths during pregnancy

Effect of partograph use on outcomes for women in spontaneous labour at term and their babies

Effect of restricted pacifier use in breastfeeding term infants for increasing duration of breastfeeding

Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping and other strategies to influence placental transfusion at preterm birth on maternal and infant outcomes

Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping of term infants on maternal and neonatal outcomes

Effects and safety of periconceptional oral folate supplementation for preventing birth defects

Effects of restricted caffeine intake by mother on fetal, neonatal and pregnancy outcomes

Efficacy and safety of cesarean delivery for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1

Elective birth at 37 weeks’ gestation for women with an uncomplicated twin pregnancy

Elective delivery in diabetic pregnant women

Elective preterm birth for fetal gastroschisis

Elective repeat caesarean section versus induction of labour for women with a previous caesarean birth

Enemas during labour

Epidural therapy for the treatment of severe pre-eclampsia in non labouring women

Epidural versus non-epidural or no analgesia for pain management in labour

Ethanol for preventing preterm birth in threatened preterm labor

Exercise for diabetic pregnant women

Exercise for pregnant women for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus

Exercise for pregnant women with gestational diabetes for improving maternal and fetal outcomes

Exercise for pregnant women with pre-existing diabetes for improving maternal and fetal outcomes

Exercise or other physical activity for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications

Expectant care versus surgical treatment for miscarriage

Expedited versus conservative approaches for vaginal delivery in breech presentation

Expert systems for fetal assessment in labour

External cephalic version for breech presentation at term

External cephalic version for breech presentation before term

Extra fluids for breastfeeding mothers for increasing milk production

Extra-abdominal versus intra-abdominal repair of the uterine incision at caesarean section

Extra-amniotic prostaglandin for induction of labour

Fetal and umbilical Doppler ultrasound in high-risk pregnancies

Fetal and umbilical Doppler ultrasound in normal pregnancy

Fetal assessment methods for improving neonatal and maternal outcomes in preterm prelabour rupture of membranes

Fetal biometry for guiding the medical management of women with gestational diabetes mellitus for improving maternal and perinatal health

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) for fetal monitoring during labour

Fetal fibronectin testing for reducing the risk of preterm birth

Fetal manipulation for facilitating tests of fetal wellbeing

Fetal movement counting for assessment of fetal wellbeing

Fetal pulse oximetry for fetal assessment in labour

Fetal scalp stimulation for assessing fetal wellbeing during labour

Fetal vibroacoustic stimulation for facilitation of tests of fetal wellbeing

First and second trimester serum tests with and without first trimester ultrasound tests for Down's syndrome screening

First trimester serum tests for Down's syndrome screening

First trimester ultrasound tests alone or in combination with first trimester serum tests for Down's syndrome screening

Folic acid supplementation during pregnancy for maternal health and pregnancy outcomes

Follow-up for improving psychological well being for women after a miscarriage

Fundal pressure during the second stage of labour

Fundal pressure versus controlled cord traction as part of the active management of the third stage of labour

Garlic for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications

Genomics-based non-invasive prenatal testing for detection of fetal chromosomal aneuploidy in pregnant women

Giving women their own case notes to carry during pregnancy

Group B streptococcus immunisation during pregnancy for improving outcomes

Group versus conventional antenatal care for women

Guided imagery for treating hypertension in pregnancy

Haematological interventions for treating disseminated intravascular coagulation during pregnancy and postpartum

Hands and knees posture in late pregnancy or labour for fetal malposition (lateral or posterior)

Health system and community level interventions for improving antenatal care coverage and health outcomes

Heparin for pregnant women with acquired or inherited thrombophilias

Hepatitis B vaccination during pregnancy for preventing infant infection

High dose versus low dose opioid epidural regimens for pain relief in labour

High feedback versus low feedback of prenatal ultrasound for reducing maternal anxiety and improving maternal health behaviour in pregnancy

High-dose versus low-dose oxytocin for augmentation of delayed labour

High-dose versus low-dose oxytocin infusion regimens for induction of labour at term

Home uterine monitoring for detecting preterm labour

Home versus inpatient induction of labour for improving birth outcomes

Home visits during pregnancy and after birth for women with an alcohol or drug problem

Homeopathy for reducing blood loss in the third stage of labour

Homoeopathy for induction of labour

Hormones for suspected impaired fetal growth

Hospitalisation and bed rest for multiple pregnancy

Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) for preventing miscarriage

Human chorionic gonadotrophin for threatened miscarriage

Hyaluronidase for cervical ripening and induction of labour

Hyaluronidase for reducing perineal trauma

Hydration for treatment of preterm labour

Hyperbaric versus isobaric bupivacaine for spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section

Hypnosis during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postnatal period for preventing postnatal depression

Hypnosis for induction of labour

Hypnosis for pain management during labour and childbirth

Hypnosis for preventing preterm labour

Immediate versus deferred delivery of the preterm baby with suspected fetal compromise for improving outcomes

Immersion in water during labour and birth

Immunotherapy for recurrent miscarriage

Impact of type B (Hib) and viral influenza vaccinations in pregnancy for improving maternal, neonatal and infant health outcomes

Incentives for increasing prenatal care use by women in order to improve maternal and neonatal outcomes

Individual or group antenatal education for childbirth or parenthood, or both

Induction of labour at or beyond 37 weeks' gestation

Induction of labour at or near term for suspected fetal macrosomia

Indwelling bladder catheterisation as part of intraoperative and postoperative care for caesarean section

Information for pregnant women about caesarean birth

Inhaled analgesia for pain management in labour

Insecticide-treated nets for preventing malaria in pregnancy

Instruments for chorionic villus sampling for prenatal diagnosis

Insulin for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes

Interconception care for women with a history of gestational diabetes for improving maternal and infant outcomes

Intermittent auscultation (IA) of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well-being

Intermittent oral iron supplementation during pregnancy

Internal versus external tocodynamometry during induced or augmented labour

Interventionist versus expectant care for severe pre-eclampsia between 24 and 34 weeks' gestation

Interventions (other than pharmacological, psychosocial or psychological) for treating antenatal depression

Interventions (other than psychosocial, psychological and pharmacological) for preventing postpartum depression

Interventions at caesarean section for reducing the risk of aspiration pneumonitis

Interventions during pregnancy to prevent preterm birth: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews

Interventions for clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism pre-pregnancy and during pregnancy

Interventions for fear of childbirth (tocophobia)

Interventions for fetal immobilisation during fetal surgery and invasive procedures

Interventions for heartburn in pregnancy

Interventions for heartburn in pregnancy

Interventions for helping to turn term breech babies to head first presentation when using external cephalic version

Interventions for hyperthyroidism pre-pregnancy and during pregnancy

Interventions for improving outcomes for pregnant women who have experienced genital cutting

Interventions for insomnia during pregnancy

Interventions for investigating and identifying the causes of stillbirth

Interventions for ketosis during labour

Interventions for leg cramps in pregnancy

Interventions for leg cramps in pregnancy

Interventions for managing asthma in pregnancy

Interventions for nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy

Interventions for pregnant women with hyperglycaemia not meeting gestational diabetes and type 2 diabetes diagnostic criteria

Interventions for preventing and treating low-back and pelvic pain during pregnancy

Interventions for preventing hypothermia during caesarean delivery under regional anaesthesia

Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth

Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section

Interventions for preventing or reducing domestic violence against pregnant women

Interventions for preventing postpartum constipation

Interventions for preventing pre-eclampsia and its consequences: generic protocol

Interventions for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection during pregnancy

Interventions for promoting the initiation of breastfeeding

Interventions for reducing the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection

Interventions for supporting parents’ decisions about autopsy after stillbirth

Interventions for supporting pregnant women's decision-making about mode of birth after a caesarean

Interventions for supporting the initiation and continuation of breastfeeding among women who are overweight or obese

Interventions for suspected placenta praevia

Interventions for the treatment of twin-twin transfusion syndrome

Interventions for treating constipation in pregnancy

Interventions for treating constipation in pregnancy

Interventions for treating genital infection in pregnancy

Interventions for treating genital chlamydia trachomatis infection in pregnancy

Interventions for treating hyperemesis gravidarum

Interventions for treating painful nipples among breastfeeding women

Interventions for treating painful sickle cell crisis during pregnancy

Interventions for treating peripartum cardiomyopathy to improve outcomes for women and babies

Interventions for treating placental abruption

Interventions for treating postpartum constipation

Interventions for treating pre-eclampsia and its consequences: generic protocol

Interventions for trichomoniasis in pregnancy

Interventions for varicose veins and leg oedema in pregnancy

Interventions for women in subsequent pregnancies following obstetric anal sphincter injury for improving health

Interventions in the workplace to support breastfeeding for women in employment

Interventions to prevent spontaneous preterm birth in high-risk women with singleton pregnancy: a systematic review and network meta-analysis

Interventions to prevent women from developing gestational diabetes mellitus: an overview of Cochrane Reviews

Intra-amniotic surfactant for women at risk of preterm birth for preventing respiratory distress in newborns

Intracervical prostaglandins for induction of labour

Intracutaneous or subcutaneous sterile water injection compared with blinded controls for pain management in labour

Intramuscular versus intravenous anti-D for preventing Rhesus alloimmunization during pregnancy

Intrapartum antibiotics for known maternal Group B streptococcal colonization

Intrapartum fetal scalp lactate sampling for fetal assessment in the presence of a non-reassuring fetal heart rate trace

Intrapartum interventions for preventing shoulder dystocia

Intravenous fluids for reducing the duration of labour in low risk nulliparous women

Intravenous oxytocin alone for cervical ripening and induction of labour

Intravenous prostaglandin for induction of labour

Intravenous versus intramuscular prophylactic oxytocin for reducing blood loss in the third stage of labour

Iodine supplementation for women during the preconception, pregnancy and postpartum period

Labour assessment programs to delay admission to labour wards

Laparoscopic surgery for presumed benign ovarian tumor during pregnancy

Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes

Local anaesthetic nerve block for pain management in labour

Local anaesthetic wound infiltration and abdominal nerves block during caesarean section for postoperative pain relief

Local cooling for relieving pain from perineal trauma sustained during childbirth

Low-dose dopamine for women with severe pre-eclampsia

Magnesium maintenance therapy for preventing preterm birth after threatened preterm labour

Magnesium sulphate and other anticonvulsants for women with pre-eclampsia

Magnesium sulphate for preventing preterm birth in threatened preterm labour

Magnesium sulphate for women at risk of preterm birth for neuroprotection of the fetus

Magnesium sulphate for women at term for neuroprotection of the fetus

Magnesium sulphate versus diazepam for eclampsia

Magnesium sulphate versus lytic cocktail for eclampsia

Magnesium sulphate versus phenytoin for eclampsia

Magnesium supplementation in pregnancy

Maintenance agonist treatments for opiate-dependent pregnant women

Maintenance therapy with calcium channel blockers for preventing preterm birth after threatened preterm labour

Maintenance therapy with oxytocin antagonists for inhibiting preterm birth after threatened preterm labour

Management of reported decreased fetal movements for improving pregnancy outcomes

Massage, reflexology and other manual methods for pain management in labour

Maternal antenatal methylxanthine (including caffeine) treatment for improving preterm outcomes

Maternal dietary antigen avoidance during pregnancy or lactation, or both, for preventing or treating atopic disease in the child

Maternal glucose administration for facilitating tests of fetal wellbeing

Maternal hydration for increasing amniotic fluid volume in oligohydramnios and normal amniotic fluid volume

Maternal nutrient supplementation for suspected impaired fetal growth

Maternal oxygen administration for fetal distress

Maternal oxygen administration for suspected impaired fetal growth

Maternal position during caesarean section for preventing maternal and neonatal complications

Maternal position in the second stage of labour for women with epidural anaesthesia

Maternal positions and mobility during first stage labour

Maternal prenatal and/or postnatal n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) supplementation for preventing allergies in early childhood

Maternity waiting facilities for improving maternal and neonatal outcome in low-resource countries

Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage

Mechanical dilatation of the cervix during elective caesarean section before the onset of labour for reducing postoperative morbidity

Mechanical methods for induction of labour

Medical treatment for early fetal death (less than 24 weeks)

Medical treatments for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura during pregnancy

Medical treatments for incomplete miscarriage

Medications for increasing milk supply in mothers expressing breastmilk for their preterm hospitalised infants

Melatonin for preventing pre-eclampsia

Melatonin for treating pre-eclampsia

Melatonin for women in pregnancy for neuroprotection of the fetus

Membrane sweeping for induction of labour

Metformin for women who are overweight or obese during pregnancy for improving maternal and infant outcomes

Methods for administering subcutaneous heparin during pregnancy

Methods for assessing pre-induction cervical ripening

Methods for blood loss estimation after vaginal birth

Methods for cervical ripening and labour induction in late pregnancy: generic protocol

Methods for managing miscarriage: a network meta-analysis

Methods of delivering the placenta at caesarean section

Methods of milk expression for lactating women

Methods of repair for obstetric anal sphincter injury

Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section

Midwife-led continuity models versus other models of care for childbearing women

Mifepristone for induction of labour

Mind-body interventions during pregnancy for preventing or treating women's anxiety

Misoprostol for induction of labour to terminate pregnancy in the second or third trimester for women with a fetal anomaly or after intrauterine fetal death

Morning versus evening induction of labour for improving outcomes

Multi-professional simulation-based team training in obstetric emergencies for improving patient outcomes and trainees' performance

Multiple micronutrient powders for home (point-of-use) fortification of foods in pregnant women

Multiple-micronutrient supplementation for women during pregnancy

Music during caesarean section under regional anaesthesia for improving maternal and infant outcomes

Near-infrared spectroscopy for fetal assessment during labour

Nitric oxide donors for cervical ripening and induction of labour

Nitric oxide donors for treating preterm labour

Nitric oxide for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications

Nitroglycerin for management of retained placenta

Non-clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section

Non-opioid drugs for pain management in labour

Non-pharmacological and non-surgical interventions for managing retained placenta

Non-pharmacological interventions for women with postpartum fatigue

Nutrition-specific interventions for preventing and controlling anaemia throughout the life cycle: an overview of systematic reviews

Nutritional advice for improving outcomes in multiple pregnancies

Oestrogen supplementation, mainly diethylstilbestrol, for preventing miscarriages and other adverse pregnancy outcomes

Oestrogens alone or with amniotomy for cervical ripening or induction of labour

Oestrogens and progestins for preventing and treating postpartum depression

Omega-3 fatty acid addition during pregnancy

Operative versus conservative management for 'fetal distress' in labour

Optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding

Oral analgesia for relieving post-caesarean pain

Oral anti-diabetic agents for women with established diabetes/impaired glucose tolerance or previous gestational diabetes planning pregnancy, or pregnant women with pre-existing diabetes

Oral anti-diabetic pharmacological therapies for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes

Oral beta-blockers for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy

Oral betamimetics for maintenance therapy after threatened preterm labour

Oral galactagogues (natural therapies or drugs) for increasing breast milk production in mothers of non-hospitalised term infants

Oral misoprostol for induction of labour

Oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (single dose) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period

Oral prostaglandin E2 for induction of labour

Oxytocin augmentation of labour in women with epidural analgesia for reducing operative deliveries

Oxytocin for preventing postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) in non-facility birth settings

Oxytocin receptor antagonists for inhibiting preterm labour

Oxytocin versus no treatment or delayed treatment for slow progress in the first stage of spontaneous labour

Package of care for active management in labour for reducing caesarean section rates in low-risk women

Pain management for women in labour: an overview of systematic reviews

Pain management for women in labour: generic protocol

Paracetamol/acetaminophen (single administration) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period

Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour

Patient-controlled analgesia with remifentanil versus alternative parenteral methods for pain management in labour

Pelvimetry for fetal cephalic presentations at or near term for deciding on mode of delivery

Perceptions and experiences of labour companionship: a qualitative evidence synthesis

Perineal dilators for facilitating the second stage of labour

Perineal techniques during the second stage of labour for reducing perineal trauma

Pharmacologic Interventions for Pregnant Women Enrolled in Alcohol Treatment

Pharmacological and mechanical interventions for labour induction in outpatient settings

Pharmacological interventions for generalised itching (not caused by systemic disease or skin lesions) in pregnancy

Pharmacological interventions for promoting smoking cessation during pregnancy

Pharmacological interventions for treating intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy

Phenobarbital prior to preterm birth for preventing neonatal periventricular haemorrhage

Physiological track-and-trigger/early warning systems for use in maternity care

Piracetam for fetal distress in labour

Placental cord drainage after vaginal delivery as part of the management of the third stage of labour

Planned birth at or near term for improving health outcomes for pregnant women with gestational diabetes and their infants

Planned birth at or near term for improving health outcomes for pregnant women with pre-existing diabetes and their infants

Planned caesarean section for term breech delivery

Planned caesarean section for women with a twin pregnancy

Planned caesarean section versus planned vaginal birth for severe pre-eclampsia

Planned early birth versus expectant management (waiting) for prelabour rupture of membranes at term (37 weeks or more)

Planned early birth versus expectant management for women with preterm prelabour rupture of membranes prior to 37 weeks' gestation for improving pregnancy outcome

Planned early delivery versus expectant management for hypertensive disorders from 34 weeks gestation to term

Planned early delivery versus expectant management for monoamniotic twins

Planned early delivery versus expectant management of the term suspected compromised baby for improving outcomes

Planned elective repeat caesarean section versus planned vaginal birth for women with a previous caesarean birth

Planned home versus hospital care for preterm prelabour rupture of the membranes (PPROM) prior to 37 weeks' gestation

Planned hospital birth versus planned home birth

Plasma volume expansion for suspected impaired fetal growth

Plasma volume expansion for treatment of pre-eclampsia

Pneumococcal vaccination during pregnancy for preventing infant infection

Position in the second stage of labour for women without epidural anaesthesia

Postnatal parental education for optimizing infant general health and parent-infant relationships

Postoperative vaginal swabbing versus no vaginal swabbing following caesarean section for preventing maternal infection

Postpartum misoprostol for preventing maternal mortality and morbidity

Postpartum rubella vaccination for sero-negative women

Preconception and antenatal screening for the fragile site on the X-chromosome

Preconception care for diabetic women for improving maternal and infant health

Prenatal administration of progesterone for preventing preterm birth in women considered to be at risk of preterm birth

Prenatal administration of progestogens for preventing spontaneous preterm birth in women with a multiple pregnancy

Prenatal administration of progestogens for preventing spontaneous preterm birth in women with a singleton pregnancy

Prenatal education for congenital toxoplasmosis

Prenatal interventions for congenital diaphragmatic hernia for improving outcomes

Prenatal versus postnatal repair procedures for spina bifida for improving infant and maternal outcomes

Prevention and treatment of postpartum hypertension

Prevention of recurrent miscarriage for women with antiphospholipid antibody or lupus anticoagulant

Probiotic treatment for women with gestational diabetes to improve maternal and infant health and well-being

Probiotics for preventing preterm labour

Progestational agents for treating threatened or established preterm labour

Progesterone for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications

Progestogen for preventing miscarriage in women with recurrent miscarriage of unclear etiology

Progestogen for treating threatened miscarriage

Prophylactic antibiotics for inhibiting preterm labour with intact membranes

Prophylactic antibiotics for manual removal of retained placenta in vaginal birth

Prophylactic ergometrine-oxytocin versus oxytocin for the third stage of labour

Prophylactic interventions after delivery of placenta for reducing bleeding during the postnatal period

Prophylactic intravenous preloading for regional analgesia in labour

Prophylactic manual rotation for fetal malposition to reduce operative delivery

Prophylactic oral betamimetics for preventing preterm labour in singleton pregnancies

Prophylactic oral betamimetics for reducing preterm birth in women with a twin pregnancy

Prophylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour to prevent postpartum haemorrhage

Prophylactic use of ergot alkaloids in the third stage of labour

Prophylactic versus selective blood transfusion for sickle cell disease in pregnancy

Prophylactic versus therapeutic amnioinfusion for oligohydramnios in labour

Prostaglandins before caesarean section for preventing neonatal respiratory distress

Prostaglandins for management of retained placenta

Prostaglandins for preventing postpartum haemorrhage

Psychological and/or educational interventions for reducing alcohol consumption in pregnant women and women planning pregnancy

Psychosocial and psychological interventions for preventing postpartum depression

Psychosocial and psychological interventions for treating antenatal depression

Psychosocial and psychological interventions for treating postpartum depression

Psychosocial interventions for pregnant women in outpatient illicit drug treatment programs compared to other interventions

Psychosocial interventions for supporting women to stop smoking in pregnancy

Psychosocial interventions for women enrolled in alcohol treatment during pregnancy.

Psychosocial, psychological, and pharmacological interventions for treating antenatal anxiety

Pulmonary artery flow catheters for directing management in pre-eclampsia

Pushing/bearing down methods for the second stage of labour

Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) supplementation during pregnancy or labour for maternal and neonatal outcomes

Rapid versus stepwise negative pressure application for vacuum extraction assisted vaginal delivery

Real-time polymerase chain reaction tests versus antenatal culture tests for the screening of maternal group B Streptococcus colonisation in labour

Rectal analgesia for pain from perineal trauma following childbirth

Reduced salt intake compared to normal dietary salt, or high intake, in pregnancy

Reduction of the number of fetuses for women with a multiple pregnancy

Regimens of fetal surveillance for impaired fetal growth

Regimens of fetal surveillance of suspected large-for-gestational-age fetuses for improving health outcomes

Regimens of ultrasound surveillance for twin pregnancies for improving outcomes

Regimens of vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy

Regional versus general anaesthesia for caesarean section

Relaxation techniques for pain management in labour

Relaxation therapy for preventing and treating preterm labour

Relaxin for cervical ripening and induction of labour

Relaxin for preventing preterm birth

Relief of pain due to uterine cramping/involution after birth

Repeat digital cervical assessment in pregnancy for identifying women at risk of preterm labour

Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health outcomes

Rest during pregnancy for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications in women with normal blood pressure

Restricting oral fluid and food intake during labour

Risk-scoring systems for predicting preterm birth with the aim of reducing associated adverse outcomes

Rooming-in for new mother and infant versus separate care for increasing the duration of breastfeeding

Routes of administration of antibiotic prophylaxis for preventing infection after caesarean section

Routine antibiotic prophylaxis after normal vaginal birth for reducing maternal infectious morbidity

Routine blood cultures in the management of pyelonephritis in pregnancy for improving outcomes

Routine perineal shaving on admission in labour

Routine pre-pregnancy health promotion for improving pregnancy outcomes

Routine prophylactic drugs in normal labour for reducing gastric aspiration and its effects

Routine ultrasound in late pregnancy (after 24 weeks' gestation)

Routine vaginal examinations for assessing progress of labour to improve outcomes for women and babies at term

Safety of topical corticosteroids in pregnancy

Schedules for home visits in the early postpartum period

Screening and subsequent management for thyroid dysfunction pre-pregnancy and during pregnancy for improving maternal and infant health

Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus based on different risk profiles and settings for improving maternal and infant health

Sealing procedures for preterm prelabour rupture of membranes

Second trimester serum tests for Down's Syndrome screening

Secondary suturing compared to non-suturing for broken down perineal wounds following childbirth

Selective versus routine use of episiotomy for vaginal birth

Selenium supplementation during pregnancy for improving maternal and newborn outcomes

Setting and techniques for monitoring blood pressure during pregnancy

Sexual intercourse for cervical ripening and induction of labour

Skin preparation for preventing infection following caesarean section

Specialised antenatal clinics for women with a multiple pregnancy for improving maternal and infant outcomes

Specialised antenatal clinics for women with a pregnancy at high risk of preterm birth (excluding multiple pregnancy) to improve maternal and infant outcomes

Spinal versus epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section

Strategies for optimising antenatal corticosteroid administration for women with anticipated preterm birth

Strategies of testing for syphilis during pregnancy

Supplemental oxygen for caesarean section during regional anaesthesia

Supplementation with long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) to breastfeeding mothers for improving child growth and development

Supplementation with multiple micronutrients for breastfeeding women for improving outcomes for the mother and baby

Support during pregnancy for women at increased risk of low birthweight babies

Support for healthy breastfeeding mothers with healthy term babies

Support for mothers, fathers and families after perinatal death

Surgical procedures for evacuating incomplete miscarriage

Surgical repair of spontaneous perineal tears that occur during childbirth versus no intervention

Surgical techniques for uterine incision and uterine closure at the time of caesarean section

Symphysial fundal height (SFH) measurement in pregnancy for detecting abnormal fetal growth

Symphysiotomy for feto-pelvic disproportion

Symphysis-fundal height measurement in pregnancy

Technique modifications for reducing the risks from amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling

Techniques and materials for closure of the abdominal wall in caesarean section

Techniques and materials for skin closure in caesarean section

Techniques for assisting difficult delivery at caesarean section

Techniques for caesarean section

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section

Techniques of intrauterine fetal transfusion for women with red-cell isoimmunisation for improving health outcomes

Techniques of monitoring blood glucose during pregnancy for women with pre-existing diabetes

Telephone support for women during pregnancy and the first six weeks postpartum

Terbutaline pump maintenance therapy after threatened preterm labor for preventing preterm birth

Terbutaline pump maintenance therapy after threatened preterm labour for reducing adverse neonatal outcomes

Therapeutic ultrasound for postpartum perineal pain and dyspareunia

Third trimester antiviral prophylaxis for preventing maternal genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) recurrences and neonatal infection

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone added to corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for preventing neonatal respiratory disease

Tight control of mild-moderate pre-existing or non-proteinuric gestational hypertension

Timing of intravenous prophylactic antibiotics for preventing postpartum infectious morbidity in women undergoing cesarean delivery

Timing of prophylactic uterotonics for the third stage of labour after vaginal birth

Titrated oral misoprostol for augmenting labour to improve maternal and neonatal outcomes

Tocolysis for preventing fetal distress in second stage of labour

Tocolytics for preterm premature rupture of membranes

Tocolytics for suspected intrapartum fetal distress

Topical preparations for preventing stretch marks in pregnancy

Topical treatment for vaginal candidiasis (thrush) in pregnancy

Topical umbilical cord care at birth

Topically applied anaesthetics for treating perineal pain after childbirth

Traditional Chinese medicine for preventing postpartum hemorrhage

Traditional birth attendant training for improving health behaviours and pregnancy outcomes

Tranexamic acid for preventing postpartum haemorrhage

Transabdominal amnioinfusion for improving fetal outcomes after oligohydramnios secondary to preterm prelabour rupture of membranes before 26 weeks

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for pain management in labour

Transcutaneous electrostimulation for suspected placental insufficiency (diagnosed by Doppler studies)

Transplacental versus direct fetal corticosteroid treatment for accelerating fetal lung maturation where there is a risk of preterm birth

Treating periodontal disease for preventing adverse birth outcomes in pregnant women

Treatment for primary postpartum haemorrhage

Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia

Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia

Treatment of valvular heart disease during pregnancy for improving maternal and neonatal outcome

Treatments for breast abscesses in breastfeeding women

Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation

Treatments for gestational diabetes

Treatments for iron-deficiency anaemia in pregnancy

Treatments for secondary postpartum haemorrhage

Treatments for suppression of lactation

Treatments for symptomatic urinary tract infections during pregnancy

Treatments for toxoplasmosis in pregnancy

Treatments for women with gestational diabetes mellitus: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews

Trial of instrumental delivery in theatre versus immediate caesarean section for anticipated difficult assisted births

Ultrasound for fetal assessment in early pregnancy

Umbilical cord antiseptics for preventing sepsis and death among newborns

Umbilical vein injection for the routine management of third stage of labour

Urine tests for Down's syndrome screening

Use of biochemical tests of placental function for improving pregnancy outcome

Use of endoanal ultrasound for reducing the risk of complications related to anal sphincter injury after vaginal birth

Uterine massage for preventing postpartum haemorrhage

Uterine muscle relaxant drugs for threatened miscarriage

Utero-placental Doppler ultrasound for improving pregnancy outcome

Uterotonic agents for first-line treatment of postpartum haemorrhage: a network meta-analysis

Uterotonic agents for preventing postpartum haemorrhage: a network meta-analysis

Vaccines for women for preventing neonatal tetanus

Vaginal chlorhexidine during labour for preventing maternal and neonatal infections (excluding Group B Streptococcal and HIV)

Vaginal chlorhexidine during labour to prevent early-onset neonatal group B streptococcal infection

Vaginal disinfection for preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection

Vaginal misoprostol for cervical ripening and induction of labour

Vaginal preparation with antiseptic solution before cesarean section for preventing postoperative infections

Vaginal prostaglandin (PGE2 and PGF2a) for induction of labour at term

Vibroacoustic stimulation for fetal assessment in labour in the presence of a nonreassuring fetal heart rate trace

Vitamin A supplementation during pregnancy for maternal and newborn outcomes

Vitamin A supplementation for postpartum women

Vitamin A supplements for reducing mother-to-child HIV transmission

Vitamin B12 supplementation during pregnancy for maternal and child health outcomes

Vitamin C supplementation in pregnancy

Vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy

Vitamin E supplementation in pregnancy

Vitamin K prior to preterm birth for preventing neonatal periventricular haemorrhage

Vitamin supplementation for preventing miscarriage

Wound drainage for caesarean section

By subtopic:

Basic care during pregnancy (12)

Critical incident audit and feedback to improve perinatal and maternal mortality and morbidity

Giving women their own case notes to carry during pregnancy

Routine pre-pregnancy health promotion for improving pregnancy outcomes

Home visits during pregnancy and after birth for women with an alcohol or drug problem

Individual or group antenatal education for childbirth or parenthood, or both

Maternity waiting facilities for improving maternal and neonatal outcome in low-resource countries

Midwife-led continuity models versus other models of care for childbearing women

Antenatal maternal education for improving postnatal perineal healing for women who have birthed in a hospital setting

Traditional birth attendant training for improving health behaviours and pregnancy outcomes

Dietary patterns in pregnancy (3)

Diet or exercise, or both, for preventing excessive weight gain in pregnancy

Effects of restricted caffeine intake by mother on fetal, neonatal and pregnancy outcomes

Antenatal interventions for reducing weight in obese women for improving pregnancy outcome

Antenatal care (13)

Alternative versus standard packages of antenatal care for low-risk pregnancy

Antenatal day care units versus hospital admission for women with complicated pregnancy

Community-based intervention packages for reducing maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality and improving neonatal outcomes

Group versus conventional antenatal care for women

Health system and community level interventions for improving antenatal care coverage and health outcomes

Incentives for increasing prenatal care use by women in order to improve maternal and neonatal outcomes

Antenatal and intrapartum interventions for preventing cerebral palsy: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews

Symphysial fundal height (SFH) measurement in pregnancy for detecting abnormal fetal growth

Physiological track-and-trigger/early warning systems for use in maternity care (protocol stage)

Repeat digital cervical assessment in pregnancy for identifying women at risk of preterm labour

Support during pregnancy for women at increased risk of low birthweight babies

Symphysis-fundal height measurement in pregnancy

Antenatal interventions for preventing stillbirth, fetal loss and perinatal death: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews

Behaviour/advice during pregnancy (11)

Pharmacological interventions for promoting smoking cessation during pregnancy

Psychosocial interventions for supporting women to stop smoking in pregnancy

Work and physical activity (1)

Aerobic exercise for women during pregnancy

Sexual activity (0)

Home visits during pregnancy and after birth for women with an alcohol or drug problem

Pharmacologic Interventions for Pregnant Women Enrolled in Alcohol Treatment

Psychological and/or educational interventions for reducing alcohol consumption in pregnant women and women planning pregnancy

Psychosocial interventions for women enrolled in alcohol treatment during pregnancy.

Drug misuse [Cochrane Drugs and Alcohol Group] (3)

Home visits during pregnancy and after birth for women with an alcohol or drug problem

Maintenance agonist treatments for opiate-dependent pregnant women

Psychosocial interventions for pregnant women in outpatient illicit drug treatment programs compared to other interventions

Violence against women (1)

Interventions for preventing or reducing domestic violence against pregnant women

Nutrition during pregnancy (19)

Pre/periconceptional care (1)

Effects and safety of periconceptional oral folate supplementation for preventing birth defects

Energy/protein intake (1)

Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake

Dietary antigen avoidance (1)

Maternal dietary antigen avoidance during pregnancy or lactation, or both, for preventing or treating atopic disease in the child

Vitamins/minerals (16)

Calcium supplementation (other than for preventing or treating hypertension) for improving pregnancy and infant outcomes

Maternal prenatal and/or postnatal n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) supplementation for preventing allergies in early childhood

Iodine supplementation for women during the preconception, pregnancy and postpartum period

Vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy

Nutrition-specific interventions for preventing and controlling anaemia throughout the life cycle: an overview of systematic reviews (protocol stage)

Multiple micronutrient powders for home (point-of-use) fortification of foods in pregnant women

Regimens of vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy

Selenium supplementation during pregnancy for improving maternal and newborn outcomes (protocol stage)

Magnesium supplementation in pregnancy

Vitamin A supplementation during pregnancy for maternal and newborn outcomes

Multiple-micronutrient supplementation for women during pregnancy

Vitamin B12 supplementation during pregnancy for maternal and child health outcomes (protocol stage)

Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) supplementation during pregnancy or labour for maternal and neonatal outcomes

Vitamin C supplementation in pregnancy

Vitamin E supplementation in pregnancy

Zinc supplementation for improving pregnancy and infant outcome

Symptoms during pregnancy (14)

Interventions for heartburn in pregnancy

Interventions for heartburn in pregnancy

Interventions for insomnia during pregnancy (protocol stage)

Interventions for leg cramps in pregnancy

Interventions for leg cramps in pregnancy

Interventions for nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy

Interventions for treating constipation in pregnancy

Interventions for treating constipation in pregnancy

Interventions for treating hyperemesis gravidarum

Interventions for varicose veins and leg oedema in pregnancy

Pharmacological interventions for generalised itching (not caused by systemic disease or skin lesions) in pregnancy

Safety of topical corticosteroids in pregnancy

Topical preparations for preventing stretch marks in pregnancy

Interventions for preventing and treating low-back and pelvic pain during pregnancy

Psychological wellbeing during pregnancy (10)

Antenatal psychosocial assessment for reducing perinatal mental health morbidity

Antipsychotic drugs for non-affective psychosis during pregnancy and postpartum

Hypnosis during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postnatal period for preventing postnatal depression

Interventions (other than pharmacological, psychosocial or psychological) for treating antenatal depression

Interventions for fear of childbirth (tocophobia) (protocol stage)

Care prior to and during subsequent pregnancies following stillbirth for improving outcomes

Mind-body interventions during pregnancy for preventing or treating women's anxiety

Psychosocial and psychological interventions for preventing postpartum depression

Psychosocial and psychological interventions for treating antenatal depression

Psychosocial, psychological, and pharmacological interventions for treating antenatal anxiety (protocol stage)

Miscarriage (26)

Prevention (13)

Aspirin or heparin or both for improving pregnancy outcomes in women with persistent antiphospholipid antibodies and recurrent pregnancy loss

Progestogens for preventing miscarriage: a network meta-analysis

Aspirin and/or heparin for women with unexplained recurrent miscarriage with or without inherited thrombophilia

Bed rest during pregnancy for preventing miscarriage

Chinese herbal medicines for unexplained recurrent miscarriage

Combined oestrogen and progesterone for preventing miscarriage

Dopamine agonists for preventing future miscarriage in women with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia and recurrent miscarriage history

Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) for preventing miscarriage

Immunotherapy for recurrent miscarriage

Oestrogen supplementation, mainly diethylstilbestrol, for preventing miscarriages and other adverse pregnancy outcomes

Prevention of recurrent miscarriage for women with antiphospholipid antibody or lupus anticoagulant

Progestogen for preventing miscarriage in women with recurrent miscarriage of unclear etiology

Vitamin supplementation for preventing miscarriage

Treatment of threatened miscarriage (5)

Chinese herbal medicines for threatened miscarriage

Cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibitors for threatened miscarriage (protocol stage)

Human chorionic gonadotrophin for threatened miscarriage

Progestogen for treating threatened miscarriage

Uterine muscle relaxant drugs for threatened miscarriage

Anaesthesia for evacuation of incomplete miscarriage

Cervical ripening before first trimester surgical evacuation for non-viable pregnancy

Expectant care versus surgical treatment for miscarriage

Follow-up for improving psychological well being for women after a miscarriage

Medical treatment for early fetal death (less than 24 weeks)

Medical treatments for incomplete miscarriage

Methods for managing miscarriage: a network meta-analysis (protocol stage)

Surgical procedures for evacuating incomplete miscarriage

Medical problems during pregnancy (102)

Hypertension during pregnancy (40)

Prevention (15)

Altered dietary salt for preventing pre-eclampsia, and its complications

Antioxidants for preventing pre-eclampsia

Antiplatelet agents for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications

Calcium supplementation during pregnancy for preventing hypertensive disorders and related problems

Diuretics for preventing pre-eclampsia

Exercise or other physical activity for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications

Calcium supplementation commencing before or early in pregnancy, for preventing hypertensive disorders of pregnancy

Garlic for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications

Interventions for preventing pre-eclampsia and its consequences: generic protocol (protocol stage)

Melatonin for preventing pre-eclampsia (protocol stage)

Nitric oxide for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications

Omega-3 fatty acid addition during pregnancy

Progesterone for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications

Reduced salt intake compared to normal dietary salt, or high intake, in pregnancy

Rest during pregnancy for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications in women with normal blood pressure

Ambulatory versus conventional methods for monitoring blood pressure during pregnancy

Setting and techniques for monitoring blood pressure during pregnancy

Treatment of mild/moderate hypertension (6)

Antihypertensive drug therapy for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy

Bed rest with or without hospitalisation for hypertension during pregnancy

Chinese herbal medicines for treating pre-eclampsia

Guided imagery for treating hypertension in pregnancy

Oral beta-blockers for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy

Tight control of mild-moderate pre-existing or non-proteinuric gestational hypertension

Treatment of severe pre-eclampsia/eclampsia (17)

Alternative magnesium sulphate regimens for women with pre-eclampsia and eclampsia

Bed rest with or without hospitalisation for hypertension during pregnancy

Corticosteroids for HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets) syndrome in pregnancy

Drugs for treatment of very high blood pressure during pregnancy

Epidural therapy for the treatment of severe pre-eclampsia in non labouring women

Interventionist versus expectant care for severe pre-eclampsia between 24 and 34 weeks' gestation

Interventions for treating pre-eclampsia and its consequences: generic protocol (protocol stage)

Planned early delivery versus expectant management for hypertensive disorders from 34 weeks gestation to term

Low-dose dopamine for women with severe pre-eclampsia

Magnesium sulphate and other anticonvulsants for women with pre-eclampsia

Magnesium sulphate versus diazepam for eclampsia

Magnesium sulphate versus lytic cocktail for eclampsia

Magnesium sulphate versus phenytoin for eclampsia

Melatonin for treating pre-eclampsia (protocol stage)

Plasma volume expansion for treatment of pre-eclampsia

Prevention and treatment of postpartum hypertension

Pulmonary artery flow catheters for directing management in pre-eclampsia

Anaemia during pregnancy (8)

Daily oral iron supplementation during pregnancy

Folic acid supplementation during pregnancy for maternal health and pregnancy outcomes

Intermittent oral iron supplementation during pregnancy

Prophylactic versus selective blood transfusion for sickle cell disease in pregnancy

Interventions for treating painful sickle cell crisis during pregnancy

Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia

Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia

Treatments for iron-deficiency anaemia in pregnancy

Glucose intolerance (34)

Diabetes - pre-existing (Type 1 and Type 2) (8)

Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple daily injections of insulin for pregnant women with diabetes

Early pregnancy screening for identification of undiagnosed pre-existing diabetes to improve maternal and infant health (protocol stage)

Exercise for pregnant women with pre-existing diabetes for improving maternal and fetal outcomes

Techniques of monitoring blood glucose during pregnancy for women with pre-existing diabetes

Oral anti-diabetic agents for women with established diabetes/impaired glucose tolerance or previous gestational diabetes planning pregnancy, or pregnant women with pre-existing diabetes

Preconception care for diabetic women for improving maternal and infant health

Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre-existing diabetes

Different insulin types and regimens for pregnant women with pre-existing diabetes

Gestational diabetes - monitoring (1)

Different methods and settings for glucose monitoring for gestational diabetes during pregnancy

Gestational diabetes - preventing (8)

Interconception care for women with a history of gestational diabetes for improving maternal and infant outcomes

Combined diet and exercise interventions for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus

Dietary advice interventions in pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus

Exercise for diabetic pregnant women

Exercise for pregnant women for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus

Interventions to prevent women from developing gestational diabetes mellitus: an overview of Cochrane Reviews

Probiotics for preventing gestational diabetes

Antenatal dietary supplementation with myo-inositol in women during pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes

Gestational diabetes - screening/diagnosis (2)

Different strategies for diagnosing gestational diabetes to improve maternal and infant health

Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus based on different risk profiles and settings for improving maternal and infant health

Gestational diabetes - treating (15)

Exercise for pregnant women with gestational diabetes for improving maternal and fetal outcomes

Chinese herbal medicines for treating gestational diabetes mellitus (protocol stage)

Different types of dietary advice for women with gestational diabetes mellitus

Dietary supplementation with myo-inositol in women during pregnancy for treating gestational diabetes

Elective delivery in diabetic pregnant women

Exercise for diabetic pregnant women

Fetal biometry for guiding the medical management of women with gestational diabetes mellitus for improving maternal and perinatal health

Insulin for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes

Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes

Interventions for pregnant women with hyperglycaemia not meeting gestational diabetes and type 2 diabetes diagnostic criteria

Oral anti-diabetic pharmacological therapies for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes

Probiotic treatment for women with gestational diabetes to improve maternal and infant health and well-being

Treatments for gestational diabetes

Treatments for women with gestational diabetes mellitus: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews

Different intensities of glycaemic control for women with gestational diabetes mellitus

Deflation of gastric band balloon in pregnancy for improving outcomes

Metformin for women who are overweight or obese during pregnancy for improving maternal and infant outcomes

Directed preconception health programs and interventions for improving pregnancy outcomes for women who are overweight or obese

Thromboembolic disease (6)

Anticoagulant therapy for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in pregnancy

Medical treatments for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura during pregnancy

Haematological interventions for treating disseminated intravascular coagulation during pregnancy and postpartum

Heparin for pregnant women with acquired or inherited thrombophilias

Methods for administering subcutaneous heparin during pregnancy

Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for women at risk during pregnancy and the early postnatal period

Cardiac and renal disease (2)

Interventions for treating peripartum cardiomyopathy to improve outcomes for women and babies

Treatment of valvular heart disease during pregnancy for improving maternal and neonatal outcome

Other diseases in pregnancy (9)

Combination chemotherapy for primary treatment of high-risk gestational trophoblastic tumour

Conservative management of symptomatic and/or complicated haemorrhoids in pregnancy and the puerperium

Interventions for managing asthma in pregnancy

Pharmacological interventions for treating intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy

Interventions for clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism pre-pregnancy and during pregnancy

Laparoscopic surgery for presumed benign ovarian tumor during pregnancy

Interventions for hyperthyroidism pre-pregnancy and during pregnancy

Safety of topical corticosteroids in pregnancy

Screening and subsequent management for thyroid dysfunction pre-pregnancy and during pregnancy for improving maternal and infant health

Fetal assessment before labour (47)

High feedback versus low feedback of prenatal ultrasound for reducing maternal anxiety and improving maternal health behaviour in pregnancy

Ultrasound for fetal assessment in early pregnancy

Routine ultrasound in late pregnancy (after 24 weeks' gestation)

Ultrasound for diagnosis of birth weight discordance in twin pregnancies

Regimens of ultrasound surveillance for twin pregnancies for improving outcomes

Prenatal diagnosis (13)

Invasive procedures (11)

Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling for prenatal diagnosis

Analgesia for amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling

Antenatal screening for Down's syndrome: generic protocol (protocol stage)

Different communication strategies for disclosing results of diagnostic prenatal testing

Instruments for chorionic villus sampling for prenatal diagnosis

First trimester ultrasound tests alone or in combination with first trimester serum tests for Down's syndrome screening

Urine tests for Down's syndrome screening

First trimester serum tests for Down's syndrome screening

First and second trimester serum tests with and without first trimester ultrasound tests for Down's syndrome screening

Second trimester serum tests for Down's Syndrome screening

Technique modifications for reducing the risks from amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling

Non-invasive procedures (1)

Genomics-based non-invasive prenatal testing for detection of fetal chromosomal aneuploidy in pregnant women

Genetic disorders (1)

Preconception and antenatal screening for the fragile site on the X-chromosome

Counselling (0)

Impaired fetal growth and well being (29)

Fetal compromise during pregnancy (29)

Screening and diagnosis (16)

Amniotic fluid index versus single deepest vertical pocket as a screening test for preventing adverse pregnancy outcome

Biochemical tests of placental function for assessment in pregnancy

Biophysical profile for fetal assessment in high risk pregnancies

Biochemical tests of placental function versus ultrasound assessment of fetal size for stillbirth and small-for-gestational-age infants

Antenatal cardiotocography for fetal assessment

Customised versus population-based growth charts as a screening tool for detecting small for gestational age infants in low-risk pregnant women

Utero-placental Doppler ultrasound for improving pregnancy outcome

Fetal and umbilical Doppler ultrasound in normal pregnancy

Fetal and umbilical Doppler ultrasound in high-risk pregnancies

Fetal manipulation for facilitating tests of fetal wellbeing

Fetal movement counting for assessment of fetal wellbeing

Fetal vibroacoustic stimulation for facilitation of tests of fetal wellbeing

Maternal glucose administration for facilitating tests of fetal wellbeing

Regimens of fetal surveillance for impaired fetal growth

Regimens of fetal surveillance of suspected large-for-gestational-age fetuses for improving health outcomes

Use of biochemical tests of placental function for improving pregnancy outcome

Conservative management of compromised fetus (13)

Abdominal decompression in normal pregnancy

Abdominal decompression for suspected fetal compromise/pre-eclampsia

Antithrombotic therapy for improving maternal or infant health outcomes in women considered at risk of placental dysfunction

Bed rest in hospital for suspected impaired fetal growth

Betamimetics for suspected impaired fetal growth

Calcium channel blockers for potential impaired fetal growth

Hormones for suspected impaired fetal growth

Management of reported decreased fetal movements for improving pregnancy outcomes

Maternal hydration for increasing amniotic fluid volume in oligohydramnios and normal amniotic fluid volume

Maternal nutrient supplementation for suspected impaired fetal growth

Maternal oxygen administration for suspected impaired fetal growth

Plasma volume expansion for suspected impaired fetal growth

Transcutaneous electrostimulation for suspected placental insufficiency (diagnosed by Doppler studies)

Fetal disease (11)

Blood group incompatibilities - prevention and treatment (8)

Antenatal immunoglobulin for fetal red blood cell alloimmunization

Antenatal interventions for fetomaternal alloimmune thrombocytopenia

Antenatal phenobarbital for reducing neonatal jaundice after red cell isoimmunization

Anti-D administration after childbirth for preventing Rhesus alloimmunisation

Anti-D administration after spontaneous miscarriage for preventing Rhesus alloimmunisation

Anti-D administration in pregnancy for preventing Rhesus alloimmunisation

Intramuscular versus intravenous anti-D for preventing Rhesus alloimmunization during pregnancy

Techniques of intrauterine fetal transfusion for women with red-cell isoimmunisation for improving health outcomes

Fetal surgery (3)

Interventions for fetal immobilisation during fetal surgery and invasive procedures (protocol stage)

Prenatal interventions for congenital diaphragmatic hernia for improving outcomes

Prenatal versus postnatal repair procedures for spina bifida for improving infant and maternal outcomes

Specific fetal infections (0)

Prelabour rupture of membranes (8)

Prelabour rupture of membranes preterm (7)

Amnioinfusion for third trimester preterm premature rupture of membranes

Antibiotics for preterm rupture of membranes

Fetal assessment methods for improving neonatal and maternal outcomes in preterm prelabour rupture of membranes

Planned home versus hospital care for preterm prelabour rupture of the membranes (PPROM) prior to 37 weeks' gestation

Tocolytics for preterm premature rupture of membranes

Transabdominal amnioinfusion for improving fetal outcomes after oligohydramnios secondary to preterm prelabour rupture of membranes before 26 weeks

Sealing procedures for preterm prelabour rupture of membranes

Prelabour rupture of membranes at term (1)

Antibiotics for prelabour rupture of membranes at or near term

Preterm labour (62)

Prediction/prevention (24)

Antenatal lower genital tract infection screening and treatment programs for preventing preterm delivery

Antibiotics for treating bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy

Bed rest in singleton pregnancies for preventing preterm birth

Cervical stitch (cerclage) for preventing preterm birth in singleton pregnancy

Cervical assessment by ultrasound for preventing preterm delivery

Cervical stitch (cerclage) for preventing pregnancy loss in women

Cervical stitch (cerclage) in combination with other treatments for preventing spontaneous preterm birth in singleton pregnancies

Cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibitors for preventing preterm labour

Fetal fibronectin testing for reducing the risk of preterm birth

Hypnosis for preventing preterm labour (protocol stage)

Interventions to prevent spontaneous preterm birth in high-risk women with singleton pregnancy: a systematic review and network meta-analysis (protocol stage)

Home uterine monitoring for detecting preterm labour

Prenatal administration of progesterone for preventing preterm birth in women considered to be at risk of preterm birth

Prenatal administration of progestogens for preventing spontaneous preterm birth in women with a singleton pregnancy (protocol stage)

Prenatal administration of progestogens for preventing spontaneous preterm birth in women with a multiple pregnancy

Probiotics for preventing preterm labour

Prophylactic oral betamimetics for preventing preterm labour in singleton pregnancies

Relaxation therapy for preventing and treating preterm labour

Risk-scoring systems for predicting preterm birth with the aim of reducing associated adverse outcomes

Specialised antenatal clinics for women with a pregnancy at high risk of preterm birth (excluding multiple pregnancy) to improve maternal and infant outcomes

Magnesium supplementation in pregnancy

Treating periodontal disease for preventing adverse birth outcomes in pregnant women

Cervical pessary for preventing preterm birth

Interventions during pregnancy to prevent preterm birth: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews

Fetal maturation/treatment (16)

Allopurinol for women in pregnancy for neuroprotection of the fetus (protocol stage)

Ambroxol for women at risk of preterm birth for preventing neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

Antenatal corticosteroids for fetal lung maturation: an overview of Cochrane reviews (protocol stage)

Cervical stitch (cerclage) for preventing preterm birth in multiple pregnancy

Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth

Different magnesium sulphate regimens for neuroprotection of the fetus for women at risk of preterm birth

Transplacental versus direct fetal corticosteroid treatment for accelerating fetal lung maturation where there is a risk of preterm birth

Intra-amniotic surfactant for women at risk of preterm birth for preventing respiratory distress in newborns

Magnesium sulphate for women at risk of preterm birth for neuroprotection of the fetus

Maternal antenatal methylxanthine (including caffeine) treatment for improving preterm outcomes (protocol stage)

Phenobarbital prior to preterm birth for preventing neonatal periventricular haemorrhage

Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health outcomes

Strategies for optimising antenatal corticosteroid administration for women with anticipated preterm birth

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone added to corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for preventing neonatal respiratory disease

Vitamin K prior to preterm birth for preventing neonatal periventricular haemorrhage

Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth

Betamimetics for inhibiting preterm labour

Calcium channel blockers for inhibiting preterm labour and birth

Combination of tocolytic agents for inhibiting preterm labour

Cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibitors for treating preterm labour

Different treatment regimens of magnesium sulphate for tocolysis in women in preterm labour

Ethanol for preventing preterm birth in threatened preterm labor

Hydration for treatment of preterm labour

Magnesium sulphate for preventing preterm birth in threatened preterm labour

Nitric oxide donors for treating preterm labour

Oxytocin receptor antagonists for inhibiting preterm labour

Prophylactic antibiotics for inhibiting preterm labour with intact membranes

Relaxin for preventing preterm birth

Progestational agents for treating threatened or established preterm labour

Maintenance (7)

Magnesium maintenance therapy for preventing preterm birth after threatened preterm labour

Maintenance therapy with calcium channel blockers for preventing preterm birth after threatened preterm labour

Home uterine monitoring for detecting preterm labour

Oral betamimetics for maintenance therapy after threatened preterm labour

Maintenance therapy with oxytocin antagonists for inhibiting preterm birth after threatened preterm labour

Terbutaline pump maintenance therapy after threatened preterm labor for preventing preterm birth

Terbutaline pump maintenance therapy after threatened preterm labour for reducing adverse neonatal outcomes

Caesarean section versus vaginal delivery for preterm birth in singletons

Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping and other strategies to influence placental transfusion at preterm birth on maternal and infant outcomes

Multiple pregnancy (12)

Bed rest with and without hospitalisation in multiple pregnancy for improving perinatal outcomes

Fetal and umbilical Doppler ultrasound in high-risk pregnancies

Elective birth at 37 weeks’ gestation for women with an uncomplicated twin pregnancy

Hospitalisation and bed rest for multiple pregnancy

Interventions for the treatment of twin-twin transfusion syndrome

Planned early delivery versus expectant management for monoamniotic twins

Nutritional advice for improving outcomes in multiple pregnancies

Prophylactic oral betamimetics for reducing preterm birth in women with a twin pregnancy

Planned caesarean section for women with a twin pregnancy

Reduction of the number of fetuses for women with a multiple pregnancy

Specialised antenatal clinics for women with a multiple pregnancy for improving maternal and infant outcomes

Regimens of ultrasound surveillance for twin pregnancies for improving outcomes

Antepartum haemorrhage (2)

Interventions for suspected placenta praevia

Interventions for treating placental abruption

Infection during pregnancy (46)

Vaginal infection (14)

Vaginal chlorhexidine during labour to prevent early-onset neonatal group B streptococcal infection

Antibiotic prophylaxis during the second and third trimester to reduce adverse pregnancy outcomes and morbidity

Antibiotics for treating bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy

Antibiotics for treating gonorrhoea in pregnancy

Antibiotics for ureaplasma in the vagina in pregnancy

Group B streptococcus immunisation during pregnancy for improving outcomes (protocol stage)

Interventions for treating genital chlamydia trachomatis infection in pregnancy

Interventions for trichomoniasis in pregnancy

Intrapartum antibiotics for known maternal Group B streptococcal colonization

Real-time polymerase chain reaction tests versus antenatal culture tests for the screening of maternal group B Streptococcus colonisation in labour (protocol stage)

Topical treatment for vaginal candidiasis (thrush) in pregnancy

Interventions for treating genital infection in pregnancy

Third trimester antiviral prophylaxis for preventing maternal genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) recurrences and neonatal infection

Vaginal chlorhexidine during labour for preventing maternal and neonatal infections (excluding Group B Streptococcal and HIV)

Urinary tract infection (7)

Antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy

Cranberries for treating asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy (protocol stage)

Different antibiotic regimens for treating asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy

Duration of treatment for asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy

Interventions for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection during pregnancy

Routine blood cultures in the management of pyelonephritis in pregnancy for improving outcomes

Treatments for symptomatic urinary tract infections during pregnancy

Other infections (25)

Strategies of testing for syphilis during pregnancy

Antibiotic regimens for management of intraamniotic infection

Antibiotics prior to amniotomy for reducing infectious morbidity in mother and infant

Antibiotics for meconium-stained amniotic fluid in labour for preventing maternal and neonatal infections

Antibiotics for syphilis diagnosed during pregnancy

Antiretrovirals for reducing the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection

Caesarean section versus vaginal delivery for preventing mother to infant hepatitis C virus transmission

Effect of administration of antihelminthics for soil-transmitted helminths during pregnancy

Impact of type B (Hib) and viral influenza vaccinations in pregnancy for improving maternal, neonatal and infant health outcomes

Hepatitis B vaccination during pregnancy for preventing infant infection

Insecticide-treated nets for preventing malaria in pregnancy

Interventions for reducing the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection

Amnioinfusion for chorioamnionitis

Efficacy and safety of cesarean delivery for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1

Pneumococcal vaccination during pregnancy for preventing infant infection

Postpartum rubella vaccination for sero-negative women (protocol stage)

Prenatal education for congenital toxoplasmosis

Antenatal interventions for preventing the transmission of cytomegalovirus (CMV) from the mother to fetus during pregnancy and adverse outcomes in the congenitally infected infant

Drugs for treating uncomplicated malaria in pregnant women

Routine antibiotic prophylaxis after normal vaginal birth for reducing maternal infectious morbidity

Drugs for preventing malaria in pregnant women in endemic areas: any drug regimen versus placebo or no treatment

Treatments for toxoplasmosis in pregnancy

Vaccines for women for preventing neonatal tetanus

Vaginal disinfection for preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection

Vitamin A supplements for reducing mother-to-child HIV transmission

Fetal malpresentation (10)

Acupuncture for turning a breech baby in pregnancy (protocol stage)

Cephalic version by moxibustion for breech presentation

Cephalic version by postural management for breech presentation

External cephalic version for breech presentation at term

External cephalic version for breech presentation before term

Hands and knees posture in late pregnancy or labour for fetal malposition (lateral or posterior)

Planned caesarean section for term breech delivery

Prophylactic manual rotation for fetal malposition to reduce operative delivery

Expedited versus conservative approaches for vaginal delivery in breech presentation

Interventions for helping to turn term breech babies to head first presentation when using external cephalic version

Care during childbirth (54)

Place of birth (2)

Alternative versus conventional institutional settings for birth

Planned hospital birth versus planned home birth

Routine intrapartum care (17)

Package of care for active management in labour for reducing caesarean section rates in low-risk women

Antenatal education for self-diagnosis of the onset of active labour at term

Assessment and support during early labour for improving birth outcomes

Caesarean section for non-medical reasons at term

Continuous support for women during childbirth

Restricting oral fluid and food intake during labour

Effect of partograph use on outcomes for women in spontaneous labour at term and their babies

Enemas during labour

Immersion in water during labour and birth

Internal versus external tocodynamometry during induced or augmented labour

Interventions for ketosis during labour

Intravenous fluids for reducing the duration of labour in low risk nulliparous women

Labour assessment programs to delay admission to labour wards

Maternal positions and mobility during first stage labour

Perceptions and experiences of labour companionship: a qualitative evidence synthesis

Routine vaginal examinations for assessing progress of labour to improve outcomes for women and babies at term

Routine perineal shaving on admission in labour

Normal labour - antacids (1)

Routine prophylactic drugs in normal labour for reducing gastric aspiration and its effects

Normal birth (34)

Second stage (7)

Fundal pressure during the second stage of labour

Immersion in water during labour and birth

Maternal position in the second stage of labour for women with epidural anaesthesia

Perineal techniques during the second stage of labour for reducing perineal trauma

Pushing/bearing down methods for the second stage of labour

Selective versus routine use of episiotomy for vaginal birth

Position in the second stage of labour for women without epidural anaesthesia

Third stage (27)

Timing of prophylactic uterotonics for the third stage of labour after vaginal birth

Advance misoprostol distribution to pregnant women for preventing and treating postpartum haemorrhage

Alternative positions for the baby at birth before clamping the umbilical cord

Alternative prophylactic therapies (acupuncture and/or moxibustion) for reducing blood loss in the third stage of labour (protocol stage)

Breastfeeding or nipple stimulation for reducing postpartum haemorrhage in the third stage of labour

Carbetocin for preventing postpartum haemorrhage

Controlled cord traction for the third stage of labour

Active versus expectant management for women in the third stage of labour

Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping and other strategies to influence placental transfusion at preterm birth on maternal and infant outcomes

Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping of term infants on maternal and neonatal outcomes

Fundal pressure versus controlled cord traction as part of the active management of the third stage of labour

Homeopathy for reducing blood loss in the third stage of labour (protocol stage)

Prophylactic use of ergot alkaloids in the third stage of labour

Methods for blood loss estimation after vaginal birth

Oxytocin for preventing postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) in non-facility birth settings

Intravenous versus intramuscular prophylactic oxytocin for reducing blood loss in the third stage of labour

Prophylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour to prevent postpartum haemorrhage

Placental cord drainage after vaginal delivery as part of the management of the third stage of labour

Postpartum misoprostol for preventing maternal mortality and morbidity

Prophylactic ergometrine-oxytocin versus oxytocin for the third stage of labour

Prostaglandins for preventing postpartum haemorrhage

Umbilical vein injection for the routine management of third stage of labour

Topical umbilical cord care at birth

Tranexamic acid for preventing postpartum haemorrhage

Umbilical cord antiseptics for preventing sepsis and death among newborns

Uterine massage for preventing postpartum haemorrhage

Uterotonic agents for preventing postpartum haemorrhage: a network meta-analysis

Postpartum haemorrhage/retained placenta (12)

Anaesthesia/analgesia for manual removal of retained placenta

Antifibrinolytic drugs for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage

Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage

Non-pharmacological and non-surgical interventions for managing retained placenta (protocol stage)

Prophylactic antibiotics for manual removal of retained placenta in vaginal birth

Prophylactic interventions after delivery of placenta for reducing bleeding during the postnatal period

Prostaglandins for management of retained placenta

Treatment for primary postpartum haemorrhage

Treatments for secondary postpartum haemorrhage

Umbilical vein injection for management of retained placenta

Nitroglycerin for management of retained placenta

Uterotonic agents for first-line treatment of postpartum haemorrhage: a network meta-analysis

Induction of labour (48)

Specific indications (16)

Planned early delivery versus expectant management of the term suspected compromised baby for improving outcomes

Elective preterm birth for fetal gastroschisis

Elective birth at 37 weeks’ gestation for women with an uncomplicated twin pregnancy

Elective delivery in diabetic pregnant women

Elective repeat caesarean section versus induction of labour for women with a previous caesarean birth

Immediate versus deferred delivery of the preterm baby with suspected fetal compromise for improving outcomes

Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section

Induction of labour at or near term for suspected fetal macrosomia

Induction of labour at or beyond 37 weeks' gestation

Planned early birth versus expectant management (waiting) for prelabour rupture of membranes at term (37 weeks or more)

Planned early birth versus expectant management for women with preterm prelabour rupture of membranes prior to 37 weeks' gestation for improving pregnancy outcome

Planned early delivery versus expectant management for hypertensive disorders from 34 weeks gestation to term

Misoprostol for induction of labour to terminate pregnancy in the second or third trimester for women with a fetal anomaly or after intrauterine fetal death

Planned early delivery versus expectant management for monoamniotic twins

Planned birth at or near term for improving health outcomes for pregnant women with pre-existing diabetes and their infants

Planned birth at or near term for improving health outcomes for pregnant women with gestational diabetes and their infants

Techniques - primary reviews (26)

Acupuncture or acupressure for induction of labour

Amniotomy alone for induction of labour

Amniotomy plus intravenous oxytocin for induction of labour

Breast stimulation for cervical ripening and induction of labour

Buccal or sublingual misoprostol for cervical ripening and induction of labour

Castor oil, bath and/or enema for cervical priming and induction of labour

Corticosteroids for cervical ripening and induction of labour

Extra-amniotic prostaglandin for induction of labour

Homoeopathy for induction of labour

Hyaluronidase for cervical ripening and induction of labour

Hypnosis for induction of labour

Intracervical prostaglandins for induction of labour

Intravenous prostaglandin for induction of labour

Mechanical methods for induction of labour

Membrane sweeping for induction of labour

Methods for cervical ripening and labour induction in late pregnancy: generic protocol (protocol stage)

Mifepristone for induction of labour

Nitric oxide donors for cervical ripening and induction of labour

Oestrogens alone or with amniotomy for cervical ripening or induction of labour

Oral misoprostol for induction of labour

Oral prostaglandin E2 for induction of labour

Intravenous oxytocin alone for cervical ripening and induction of labour

Relaxin for cervical ripening and induction of labour

Sexual intercourse for cervical ripening and induction of labour

Vaginal misoprostol for cervical ripening and induction of labour

Vaginal prostaglandin (PGE2 and PGF2a) for induction of labour at term

Techniques - secondary reviews (0)

Miscellaneous (6)

Discontinuation of intravenous oxytocin in the active phase of induced labour

High-dose versus low-dose oxytocin infusion regimens for induction of labour at term

Home versus inpatient induction of labour for improving birth outcomes

Pharmacological and mechanical interventions for labour induction in outpatient settings

Methods for assessing pre-induction cervical ripening

Morning versus evening induction of labour for improving outcomes

Pain during labour (24)

Non-pharmacological methods (10)

Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management during labour

Aromatherapy for pain management in labour

Biofeedback for pain management during labour

Complementary and alternative therapies for pain management in labour

Hypnosis for pain management during labour and childbirth

Massage, reflexology and other manual methods for pain management in labour

Pain management for women in labour: an overview of systematic reviews

Pain management for women in labour: generic protocol (protocol stage)

Relaxation techniques for pain management in labour

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for pain management in labour

Pharmacological methods (14)

Combined spinal-epidural versus epidural analgesia in labour

Discontinuation of epidural analgesia late in labour for reducing the adverse delivery outcomes associated with epidural analgesia

Early versus late initiation of epidural analgesia for labour

Epidural versus non-epidural or no analgesia for pain management in labour

High dose versus low dose opioid epidural regimens for pain relief in labour (protocol stage)

Inhaled analgesia for pain management in labour

Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour

Local anaesthetic nerve block for pain management in labour

Non-opioid drugs for pain management in labour

Pain management for women in labour: an overview of systematic reviews

Pain management for women in labour: generic protocol (protocol stage)

Patient-controlled analgesia with remifentanil versus alternative parenteral methods for pain management in labour

Prophylactic intravenous preloading for regional analgesia in labour

Intracutaneous or subcutaneous sterile water injection compared with blinded controls for pain management in labour

Education and training of health professionals (1)

Multi-professional simulation-based team training in obstetric emergencies for improving patient outcomes and trainees' performance

Fetopelvic disproportion (2)

Pelvimetry for fetal cephalic presentations at or near term for deciding on mode of delivery

Symphysiotomy for feto-pelvic disproportion

Intrapartum interventions for preventing shoulder dystocia

Augmentation (9)

Titrated oral misoprostol for augmenting labour to improve maternal and neonatal outcomes

Amniotomy for shortening spontaneous labour

Antispasmodics for labour

Complementary and alternative therapies for shortening labour (protocol stage)

Discontinuation of intravenous oxytocin in the active phase of induced labour

Early amniotomy and early oxytocin for prevention of, or therapy for, delay in first stage spontaneous labour compared with routine care

Oxytocin augmentation of labour in women with epidural analgesia for reducing operative deliveries

High-dose versus low-dose oxytocin for augmentation of delayed labour

Oxytocin versus no treatment or delayed treatment for slow progress in the first stage of spontaneous labour

Malposition (1)

Expedited versus conservative approaches for vaginal delivery in breech presentation

Fetal compromise during labour (24)

Diagnosis/prevention (15)

Admission tests other than cardiotocography for fetal assessment during labour

Cardiotocography versus intermittent auscultation of fetal heart on admission to labour ward for assessment of fetal wellbeing

Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour

Creatine for women in pregnancy for neuroprotection of the fetus

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) for fetal monitoring during labour

Fetal pulse oximetry for fetal assessment in labour

Fetal scalp stimulation for assessing fetal wellbeing during labour (protocol stage)

Melatonin for women in pregnancy for neuroprotection of the fetus

Magnesium sulphate for women at term for neuroprotection of the fetus

Expert systems for fetal assessment in labour

Near-infrared spectroscopy for fetal assessment during labour

Prophylactic versus therapeutic amnioinfusion for oligohydramnios in labour

Intrapartum fetal scalp lactate sampling for fetal assessment in the presence of a non-reassuring fetal heart rate trace

Vibroacoustic stimulation for fetal assessment in labour in the presence of a nonreassuring fetal heart rate trace

Intermittent auscultation (IA) of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well-being

Amnioinfusion for meconium-stained liquor in labour

Amnioinfusion for potential or suspected umbilical cord compression in labour

Maternal oxygen administration for fetal distress

Acute tocolysis for uterine tachysystole or suspected fetal distress

Operative versus conservative management for 'fetal distress' in labour

Piracetam for fetal distress in labour

Prophylactic versus therapeutic amnioinfusion for oligohydramnios in labour

Tocolysis for preventing fetal distress in second stage of labour

Tocolytics for suspected intrapartum fetal distress

Perineal trauma (15)

Antenatal perineal massage for reducing perineal trauma

Interventions for improving outcomes for pregnant women who have experienced genital cutting

Hyaluronidase for reducing perineal trauma

Interventions for women in subsequent pregnancies following obstetric anal sphincter injury for improving health (protocol stage)

Perineal dilators for facilitating the second stage of labour (protocol stage)

Selective versus routine use of episiotomy for vaginal birth

Repair and healing (9)

Absorbable suture materials for primary repair of episiotomy and second degree tears

Antibiotic prophylaxis for third- and fourth-degree perineal tear during vaginal birth

Continuous and interrupted suturing techniques for repair of episiotomy or second-degree tears

Methods of repair for obstetric anal sphincter injury

Secondary suturing compared to non-suturing for broken down perineal wounds following childbirth

Antibiotic prophylaxis for episiotomy repair following vaginal birth

Surgical repair of spontaneous perineal tears that occur during childbirth versus no intervention

Antenatal maternal education for improving postnatal perineal healing for women who have birthed in a hospital setting

Use of endoanal ultrasound for reducing the risk of complications related to anal sphincter injury after vaginal birth

Operative vaginal delivery (5)

Analgesia for forceps delivery

Rapid versus stepwise negative pressure application for vacuum extraction assisted vaginal delivery

Choice of instruments for assisted vaginal delivery

Antibiotic prophylaxis for operative vaginal delivery

Trial of instrumental delivery in theatre versus immediate caesarean section for anticipated difficult assisted births

Caesarean section (44)

Anaesthesia (10)

Combined spinal-epidural versus spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section

Supplemental oxygen for caesarean section during regional anaesthesia

Hyperbaric versus isobaric bupivacaine for spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section

Drugs for general anaesthesia for caesarean section (protocol stage)

Interventions at caesarean section for reducing the risk of aspiration pneumonitis

Interventions for preventing hypothermia during caesarean delivery under regional anaesthesia (protocol stage)

Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section

Regional versus general anaesthesia for caesarean section

Spinal versus epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section

Surgical techniques (14)

Abdominal surgical incisions for caesarean section

Closure versus non-closure of the peritoneum at caesarean section: short- and long-term outcomes

Extra-abdominal versus intra-abdominal repair of the uterine incision at caesarean section

Local anaesthetic wound infiltration and abdominal nerves block during caesarean section for postoperative pain relief

Methods of delivering the placenta at caesarean section

Postoperative vaginal swabbing versus no vaginal swabbing following caesarean section for preventing maternal infection (protocol stage)

Skin preparation for preventing infection following caesarean section

Surgical techniques for uterine incision and uterine closure at the time of caesarean section

Techniques and materials for closure of the abdominal wall in caesarean section

Techniques and materials for skin closure in caesarean section

Techniques for caesarean section

Indwelling bladder catheterisation as part of intraoperative and postoperative care for caesarean section

Wound drainage for caesarean section

Vaginal preparation with antiseptic solution before cesarean section for preventing postoperative infections

Other interventions (19)

Prostaglandins before caesarean section for preventing neonatal respiratory distress

Mechanical dilatation of the cervix during elective caesarean section before the onset of labour for reducing postoperative morbidity

Different classes of antibiotics given to women routinely for preventing infection at caesarean section

Maternal position during caesarean section for preventing maternal and neonatal complications

Complementary and alternative therapies for post-caesarean pain

Corticosteroids for preventing neonatal respiratory morbidity after elective caesarean section at term

Chewing gum for enhancing early recovery of bowel function after caesarean section

Early compared with delayed oral fluids and food after caesarean section

Information for pregnant women about caesarean birth

Interventions for supporting pregnant women's decision-making about mode of birth after a caesarean

Music during caesarean section under regional anaesthesia for improving maternal and infant outcomes

Non-clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section

Oral analgesia for relieving post-caesarean pain

Planned caesarean section versus planned vaginal birth for severe pre-eclampsia

Planned elective repeat caesarean section versus planned vaginal birth for women with a previous caesarean birth

Antibiotic prophylaxis versus no prophylaxis for preventing infection after cesarean section

Techniques for assisting difficult delivery at caesarean section

Routes of administration of antibiotic prophylaxis for preventing infection after caesarean section

Timing of intravenous prophylactic antibiotics for preventing postpartum infectious morbidity in women undergoing cesarean delivery

Thromboprophylaxis (1)

Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for women at risk during pregnancy and the early postnatal period

Care after childbirth (29)

Basic care of mother and baby (8)

Diet or exercise, or both, for weight reduction in women after childbirth

Early postnatal discharge from hospital for healthy mothers and term infants

Early skin-to-skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants

Education for contraceptive use by women after childbirth

Home visits during pregnancy and after birth for women with an alcohol or drug problem

Schedules for home visits in the early postpartum period

Postnatal parental education for optimizing infant general health and parent-infant relationships

Telephone support for women during pregnancy and the first six weeks postpartum

Miscellaneous symptoms after childbirth (9)

Antibiotic regimens for postpartum endometritis

Pelvic floor muscle training for preventing and treating urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and postnatal women

Interventions for preventing postpartum constipation

Interventions for treating postpartum constipation

Non-pharmacological interventions for women with postpartum fatigue (protocol stage)

Prophylactic interventions after delivery of placenta for reducing bleeding during the postnatal period

Relief of pain due to uterine cramping/involution after birth

Routine antibiotic prophylaxis after normal vaginal birth for reducing maternal infectious morbidity

Antibiotic regimens for management of intra-amniotic infection

Unhappiness after childbirth (8)

Dietary supplements for preventing postnatal depression

Hypnosis during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postnatal period for preventing postnatal depression

Interventions (other than psychosocial, psychological and pharmacological) for preventing postpartum depression (protocol stage)

Oestrogens and progestins for preventing and treating postpartum depression

Psychosocial and psychological interventions for preventing postpartum depression

Drug treatment [Cochrane Depression, Anxiety and Neurosis Group] (2)

Antidepressants for preventing postnatal depression

Antidepressant treatment for postnatal depression

Psychotherapy [Cochrane Depression, Anxiety and Neurosis Group] (1)

Psychosocial and psychological interventions for treating postpartum depression

Stillbirth/perinatal death (4)

Care prior to and during subsequent pregnancies following stillbirth for improving outcomes

Interventions for investigating and identifying the causes of stillbirth

Interventions for supporting parents’ decisions about autopsy after stillbirth

Support for mothers, fathers and families after perinatal death

Perineal pain (8)

Oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (single dose) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period

Aspirin (single dose) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period

Drugs for perineal pain in the early postpartum period: generic protocol (protocol stage)

Local cooling for relieving pain from perineal trauma sustained during childbirth

Paracetamol/acetaminophen (single administration) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period

Rectal analgesia for pain from perineal trauma following childbirth

Therapeutic ultrasound for postpartum perineal pain and dyspareunia

Topically applied anaesthetics for treating perineal pain after childbirth

Antenatal preparation (3)

Antenatal breastfeeding education for increasing breastfeeding duration

Antenatal breast examination for promoting breastfeeding

Antenatal breast milk expression by women with diabetes for improving infant outcomes

Supporting breastfeeding mothers (8)

Breastfeeding education and support for women with twins or higher order multiples

Interventions for promoting the initiation of breastfeeding

Interventions for treating painful nipples among breastfeeding women

Interventions in the workplace to support breastfeeding for women in employment

Interventions for supporting the initiation and continuation of breastfeeding among women who are overweight or obese

Baby-led compared with scheduled (or mixed) breastfeeding for successful breastfeeding

Rooming-in for new mother and infant versus separate care for increasing the duration of breastfeeding

Support for healthy breastfeeding mothers with healthy term babies

'Supplementing' the baby (2)

Cup feeding versus other forms of supplemental enteral feeding for newborn infants unable to fully breastfeed

Early additional food and fluids for healthy breastfed full-term infants

Maternal interventions (13)

Antibiotics for mastitis in breastfeeding women

Extra fluids for breastfeeding mothers for increasing milk production

Combined hormonal versus nonhormonal versus progestin-only contraception in lactation

Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth

Supplementation with long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) to breastfeeding mothers for improving child growth and development

Maternal dietary antigen avoidance during pregnancy or lactation, or both, for preventing or treating atopic disease in the child

Medications for increasing milk supply in mothers expressing breastmilk for their preterm hospitalised infants

Methods of milk expression for lactating women

Oral galactagogues (natural therapies or drugs) for increasing breast milk production in mothers of non-hospitalised term infants

Supplementation with multiple micronutrients for breastfeeding women for improving outcomes for the mother and baby

Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation

Treatments for breast abscesses in breastfeeding women

Vitamin A supplementation for postpartum women

Duration of breastfeeding (1)

Optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding

Miscellaneous (1)

Effect of restricted pacifier use in breastfeeding term infants for increasing duration of breastfeeding

Breast symptoms in non-lactating women (2)

Non-pharmacological approaches (1)

Treatments for suppression of lactation

Pharmacological approaches (1)

Treatments for suppression of lactation

Antibiotics for gonorrhoea in pregnancy

New and Updated (in the latest issue of the CLib):

New

Progestogens for preventing miscarriage: a network meta-analysis

New

Ultrasound for diagnosis of birth weight discordance in twin pregnancies

Updated

Different classes of antibiotics given to women routinely for preventing infection at caesarean section

Updated

Probiotics for preventing gestational diabetes

Updated

Umbilical vein injection for management of retained placenta

Updated

Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for women at risk during pregnancy and the early postnatal period

Updated

Zinc supplementation for improving pregnancy and infant outcome