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Basic care during pregnancy (12)
Basic care (9)
Critical incident audit and feedback to improve perinatal and maternal mortality and morbidity
Giving women their own case notes to carry during pregnancy
Routine pre-pregnancy health promotion for improving pregnancy outcomes
Home visits during pregnancy and after birth for women with an alcohol or drug problem
Individual or group antenatal education for childbirth or parenthood, or both
Maternity waiting facilities for improving maternal and neonatal outcome in low-resource countries
Midwife-led continuity models versus other models of care for childbearing women
Antenatal maternal education for improving postnatal perineal healing for women who have birthed in a hospital setting
Traditional birth attendant training for improving health behaviours and pregnancy outcomes
Dietary patterns in pregnancy (3)
Diet or exercise, or both, for preventing excessive weight gain in pregnancy
Effects of restricted caffeine intake by mother on fetal, neonatal and pregnancy outcomes
Antenatal interventions for reducing weight in obese women for improving pregnancy outcome
Antenatal care (13)
Alternative versus standard packages of antenatal care for low-risk pregnancy
Antenatal day care units versus hospital admission for women with complicated pregnancy
Community-based intervention packages for reducing maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality and improving neonatal outcomes
Group versus conventional antenatal care for women
Health system and community level interventions for improving antenatal care coverage and health outcomes
Incentives for increasing prenatal care use by women in order to improve maternal and neonatal outcomes
Antenatal and intrapartum interventions for preventing cerebral palsy: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews
Interventions during the antenatal period for preventing stillbirth: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews (protocol stage)
Symphysial fundal height (SFH) measurement in pregnancy for detecting abnormal fetal growth
Physiological track-and-trigger/early warning systems for use in maternity care (protocol stage)
Repeat digital cervical assessment in pregnancy for identifying women at risk of preterm labour
Support during pregnancy for women at increased risk of low birthweight babies
Symphysis-fundal height measurement in pregnancy
Behaviour/advice during pregnancy (11)
Smoking (2)
Pharmacological interventions for promoting smoking cessation during pregnancy
Psychosocial interventions for supporting women to stop smoking in pregnancy
Work and physical activity (1)
Aerobic exercise for women during pregnancy
Sexual activity (0)
Alcohol (4)
Home visits during pregnancy and after birth for women with an alcohol or drug problem
Pharmacologic Interventions for Pregnant Women Enrolled in Alcohol Treatment
Psychological and/or educational interventions for reducing alcohol consumption in pregnant women and women planning pregnancy
Psychosocial interventions for women enrolled in alcohol treatment during pregnancy.
Drug misuse [Cochrane Drugs and Alcohol Group] (3)
Home visits during pregnancy and after birth for women with an alcohol or drug problem
Maintenance agonist treatments for opiate-dependent pregnant women
Psychosocial interventions for pregnant women in outpatient illicit drug treatment programs compared to other interventions
Violence against women (1)
Interventions for preventing or reducing domestic violence against pregnant women
Nutrition during pregnancy (18)
Pre/periconceptional care (1)
Effects and safety of periconceptional oral folate supplementation for preventing birth defects
Energy/protein intake (1)
Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake
Dietary antigen avoidance (1)
Maternal dietary antigen avoidance during pregnancy or lactation, or both, for preventing or treating atopic disease in the child
Vitamins/minerals (15)
Calcium supplementation (other than for preventing or treating hypertension) for improving pregnancy and infant outcomes
Maternal prenatal and/or postnatal n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) supplementation for preventing allergies in early childhood
Iodine supplementation for women during the preconception, pregnancy and postpartum period
Vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy
Nutrition-specific interventions for preventing and controlling anaemia throughout the life cycle: an overview of systematic reviews (protocol stage)
Multiple micronutrient powders for home (point-of-use) fortification of foods in pregnant women
Regimens of vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy
Selenium supplementation during pregnancy for improving maternal and newborn outcomes (protocol stage)
Magnesium supplementation in pregnancy
Vitamin A supplementation during pregnancy for maternal and newborn outcomes
Multiple-micronutrient supplementation for women during pregnancy
Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) supplementation during pregnancy or labour for maternal and neonatal outcomes
Vitamin C supplementation in pregnancy
Vitamin E supplementation in pregnancy
Zinc supplementation for improving pregnancy and infant outcome
Symptoms during pregnancy (14)
Interventions for heartburn in pregnancy
Interventions for heartburn in pregnancy
Interventions for insomnia during pregnancy (protocol stage)
Interventions for leg cramps in pregnancy
Interventions for leg cramps in pregnancy
Interventions for nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy
Interventions for treating constipation in pregnancy
Interventions for treating constipation in pregnancy
Interventions for treating hyperemesis gravidarum
Interventions for varicose veins and leg oedema in pregnancy
Pharmacological interventions for generalised itching (not caused by systemic disease or skin lesions) in pregnancy
Safety of topical corticosteroids in pregnancy
Topical preparations for preventing stretch marks in pregnancy
Interventions for preventing and treating low-back and pelvic pain during pregnancy
Psychological wellbeing during pregnancy (10)
Antenatal psychosocial assessment for reducing perinatal mental health morbidity
Antipsychotic drugs for non-affective psychosis during pregnancy and postpartum
Hypnosis during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postnatal period for preventing postnatal depression
Interventions (other than pharmacological, psychosocial or psychological) for treating antenatal depression
Interventions for fear of childbirth (tocophobia) (protocol stage)
Care prior to and during subsequent pregnancies following stillbirth for improving outcomes
Mind-body interventions during pregnancy for preventing or treating women's anxiety
Psychosocial and psychological interventions for preventing postpartum depression
Psychosocial and psychological interventions for treating antenatal depression
Psychosocial, psychological, and pharmacological interventions for treating antenatal anxiety (protocol stage)
Miscarriage (25)
Prevention (12)
Aspirin or heparin or both for improving pregnancy outcomes in women with persistent antiphospholipid antibodies and recurrent pregnancy loss
Aspirin and/or heparin for women with unexplained recurrent miscarriage with or without inherited thrombophilia
Bed rest during pregnancy for preventing miscarriage
Chinese herbal medicines for unexplained recurrent miscarriage
Combined oestrogen and progesterone for preventing miscarriage
Dopamine agonists for preventing future miscarriage in women with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia and recurrent miscarriage history
Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) for preventing miscarriage
Immunotherapy for recurrent miscarriage
Oestrogen supplementation, mainly diethylstilbestrol, for preventing miscarriages and other adverse pregnancy outcomes
Prevention of recurrent miscarriage for women with antiphospholipid antibody or lupus anticoagulant
Progestogen for preventing miscarriage in women with recurrent miscarriage of unclear etiology
Vitamin supplementation for preventing miscarriage
Treatment of threatened miscarriage (5)
Chinese herbal medicines for threatened miscarriage
Cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibitors for threatened miscarriage (protocol stage)
Human chorionic gonadotrophin for threatened miscarriage
Progestogen for treating threatened miscarriage
Uterine muscle relaxant drugs for threatened miscarriage
Treatment (8)
Anaesthesia for evacuation of incomplete miscarriage
Cervical ripening before first trimester surgical evacuation for non-viable pregnancy
Expectant care versus surgical treatment for miscarriage
Follow-up for improving psychological well being for women after a miscarriage
Medical treatment for early fetal death (less than 24 weeks)
Medical treatments for incomplete miscarriage
Methods for managing miscarriage: a network meta-analysis (protocol stage)
Surgical procedures for evacuating incomplete miscarriage
Medical problems during pregnancy (102)
Hypertension during pregnancy (40)
Prevention (15)
Altered dietary salt for preventing pre-eclampsia, and its complications
Antioxidants for preventing pre-eclampsia
Antiplatelet agents for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications
Calcium supplementation during pregnancy for preventing hypertensive disorders and related problems
Diuretics for preventing pre-eclampsia
Exercise or other physical activity for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications
Calcium supplementation commencing before or early in pregnancy, for preventing hypertensive disorders of pregnancy
Garlic for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications
Interventions for preventing pre-eclampsia and its consequences: generic protocol (protocol stage)
Melatonin for preventing pre-eclampsia (protocol stage)
Nitric oxide for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications
Omega-3 fatty acid addition during pregnancy
Progesterone for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications
Reduced salt intake compared to normal dietary salt, or high intake, in pregnancy
Rest during pregnancy for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications in women with normal blood pressure
Detection (2)
Ambulatory versus conventional methods for monitoring blood pressure during pregnancy
Setting and techniques for monitoring blood pressure during pregnancy (protocol stage)
Treatment of mild/moderate hypertension (6)
Antihypertensive drug therapy for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy
Bed rest with or without hospitalisation for hypertension during pregnancy
Chinese herbal medicines for treating pre-eclampsia
Guided imagery for treating hypertension in pregnancy
Oral beta-blockers for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy
Tight control of mild-moderate pre-existing or non-proteinuric gestational hypertension
Treatment of severe pre-eclampsia/eclampsia (17)
Alternative magnesium sulphate regimens for women with pre-eclampsia and eclampsia
Bed rest with or without hospitalisation for hypertension during pregnancy
Corticosteroids for HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets) syndrome in pregnancy
Drugs for treatment of very high blood pressure during pregnancy
Epidural therapy for the treatment of severe pre-eclampsia in non labouring women
Interventionist versus expectant care for severe pre-eclampsia between 24 and 34 weeks' gestation
Interventions for treating pre-eclampsia and its consequences: generic protocol (protocol stage)
Planned early delivery versus expectant management for hypertensive disorders from 34 weeks gestation to term
Low-dose dopamine for women with severe pre-eclampsia
Magnesium sulphate and other anticonvulsants for women with pre-eclampsia
Magnesium sulphate versus diazepam for eclampsia
Magnesium sulphate versus lytic cocktail for eclampsia
Magnesium sulphate versus phenytoin for eclampsia
Melatonin for treating pre-eclampsia (protocol stage)
Plasma volume expansion for treatment of pre-eclampsia
Prevention and treatment of postpartum hypertension
Pulmonary artery flow catheters for directing management in pre-eclampsia
Anaemia during pregnancy (8)
Prevention (3)
Daily oral iron supplementation during pregnancy
Folic acid supplementation during pregnancy for maternal health and pregnancy outcomes
Intermittent oral iron supplementation during pregnancy
Treatment (5)
Prophylactic versus selective blood transfusion for sickle cell disease in pregnancy
Interventions for treating painful sickle cell crisis during pregnancy
Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia
Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia
Treatments for iron-deficiency anaemia in pregnancy
Glucose intolerance (34)
Diabetes - pre-existing (Type 1 and Type 2) (8)
Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple daily injections of insulin for pregnant women with diabetes
Early pregnancy screening for identification of undiagnosed pre-existing diabetes to improve maternal and infant health (protocol stage)
Exercise for pregnant women with pre-existing diabetes for improving maternal and fetal outcomes
Techniques of monitoring blood glucose during pregnancy for women with pre-existing diabetes
Oral anti-diabetic agents for women with established diabetes/impaired glucose tolerance or previous gestational diabetes planning pregnancy, or pregnant women with pre-existing diabetes
Preconception care for diabetic women for improving maternal and infant health
Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre-existing diabetes
Different insulin types and regimens for pregnant women with pre-existing diabetes
Gestational diabetes - monitoring (1)
Different methods and settings for glucose monitoring for gestational diabetes during pregnancy
Gestational diabetes - preventing (8)
Interconception care for women with a history of gestational diabetes for improving maternal and infant outcomes
Combined diet and exercise interventions for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus
Dietary advice interventions in pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus
Exercise for diabetic pregnant women
Exercise for pregnant women for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus
Interventions to prevent women developing gestational diabetes mellitus: an overview of Cochrane Reviews (protocol stage)
Probiotics for preventing gestational diabetes
Antenatal dietary supplementation with myo-inositol in women during pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes
Gestational diabetes - screening/diagnosis (2)
Different strategies for diagnosing gestational diabetes to improve maternal and infant health
Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus based on different risk profiles and settings for improving maternal and infant health
Gestational diabetes - treating (15)
Exercise for pregnant women with gestational diabetes for improving maternal and fetal outcomes
Chinese herbal medicines for treating gestational diabetes mellitus (protocol stage)
Different types of dietary advice for women with gestational diabetes mellitus
Dietary supplementation with myo-inositol in women during pregnancy for treating gestational diabetes
Elective delivery in diabetic pregnant women
Exercise for diabetic pregnant women
Fetal biometry for guiding the medical management of women with gestational diabetes mellitus for improving maternal and perinatal health
Insulin for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes
Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes
Interventions for pregnant women with hyperglycaemia not meeting gestational diabetes and type 2 diabetes diagnostic criteria
Oral anti-diabetic pharmacological therapies for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes
Probiotics for treating women with gestational diabetes for improving maternal and fetal health and well-being (protocol stage)
Treatments for gestational diabetes
Treatments for women with gestational diabetes mellitus: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews
Different intensities of glycaemic control for women with gestational diabetes mellitus
Obesity (3)
Deflation of gastric band balloon in pregnancy for improving outcomes
Metformin for women who are overweight or obese during pregnancy for improving maternal and infant outcomes
Directed preconception health programs and interventions for improving pregnancy outcomes for women who are overweight or obese
Thromboembolic disease (6)
Anticoagulant therapy for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in pregnancy
Medical treatments for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura during pregnancy
Haematological interventions for treating disseminated intravascular coagulation during pregnancy and postpartum
Heparin for pregnant women with acquired or inherited thrombophilias
Methods for administering subcutaneous heparin during pregnancy
Prophylaxis for venous thromboembolic disease in pregnancy and the early postnatal period
Cardiac and renal disease (2)
Interventions for treating peripartum cardiomyopathy to improve outcomes for women and babies
Treatment of valvular heart disease during pregnancy for improving maternal and neonatal outcome
Other diseases in pregnancy (9)
Combination chemotherapy for primary treatment of high-risk gestational trophoblastic tumour
Conservative management of symptomatic and/or complicated haemorrhoids in pregnancy and the puerperium
Interventions for managing asthma in pregnancy
Interventions for treating cholestasis in pregnancy
Interventions for clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism pre-pregnancy and during pregnancy
Laparoscopic surgery for presumed benign ovarian tumor during pregnancy
Interventions for hyperthyroidism pre-pregnancy and during pregnancy
Safety of topical corticosteroids in pregnancy
Screening and subsequent management for thyroid dysfunction pre-pregnancy and during pregnancy for improving maternal and infant health
Fetal assessment before labour (47)
Ultrasound (5)
High feedback versus low feedback of prenatal ultrasound for reducing maternal anxiety and improving maternal health behaviour in pregnancy
Ultrasound for fetal assessment in early pregnancy
Routine ultrasound in late pregnancy (after 24 weeks' gestation)
Ultrasound for diagnosis of birth weight discordance in twin pregnancies (protocol stage)
Regimens of ultrasound surveillance for twin pregnancies for improving outcomes
Prenatal diagnosis (13)
Invasive procedures (11)
Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling for prenatal diagnosis
Analgesia for amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling
Antenatal screening for Down's syndrome: generic protocol (protocol stage)
Different communication strategies for disclosing results of diagnostic prenatal testing
Instruments for chorionic villus sampling for prenatal diagnosis
Urine tests for Down's syndrome screening
First trimester ultrasound tests alone or in combination with first trimester serum tests for Down's syndrome screening
First trimester serum tests for Down's syndrome screening
First and second trimester serum tests with and without first trimester ultrasound tests for Down's syndrome screening
Second trimester serum tests for Down's Syndrome screening
Technique modifications for reducing the risks from amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling
Non-invasive procedures (1)
Genomics-based non-invasive prenatal testing for detection of fetal chromosomal aneuploidy in pregnant women
Genetic disorders (1)
Preconception and antenatal screening for the fragile site on the X-chromosome
Counselling (0)
Impaired fetal growth and well being (29)
Fetal compromise during pregnancy (29)
Screening and diagnosis (16)
Amniotic fluid index versus single deepest vertical pocket as a screening test for preventing adverse pregnancy outcome
Biochemical tests of placental function for assessment in pregnancy
Biophysical profile for fetal assessment in high risk pregnancies
Biochemical tests of placental function versus ultrasound assessment of fetal size for stillbirth and small-for-gestational-age infants
Antenatal cardiotocography for fetal assessment
Customised versus population-based growth charts as a screening tool for detecting small for gestational age infants in low-risk pregnant women
Utero-placental Doppler ultrasound for improving pregnancy outcome
Fetal and umbilical Doppler ultrasound in normal pregnancy
Fetal and umbilical Doppler ultrasound in high-risk pregnancies
Fetal manipulation for facilitating tests of fetal wellbeing
Fetal movement counting for assessment of fetal wellbeing
Fetal vibroacoustic stimulation for facilitation of tests of fetal wellbeing
Maternal glucose administration for facilitating tests of fetal wellbeing
Regimens of fetal surveillance for impaired fetal growth
Regimens of fetal surveillance of suspected large-for-gestational-age fetuses for improving health outcomes
Use of biochemical tests of placental function for improving pregnancy outcome
Conservative management of compromised fetus (13)
Abdominal decompression in normal pregnancy
Abdominal decompression for suspected fetal compromise/pre-eclampsia
Antithrombotic therapy for improving maternal or infant health outcomes in women considered at risk of placental dysfunction
Bed rest in hospital for suspected impaired fetal growth
Betamimetics for suspected impaired fetal growth
Calcium channel blockers for potential impaired fetal growth
Hormones for suspected impaired fetal growth
Management of reported decreased fetal movements for improving pregnancy outcomes
Maternal hydration for increasing amniotic fluid volume in oligohydramnios and normal amniotic fluid volume
Maternal nutrient supplementation for suspected impaired fetal growth
Maternal oxygen administration for suspected impaired fetal growth
Plasma volume expansion for suspected impaired fetal growth
Transcutaneous electrostimulation for suspected placental insufficiency (diagnosed by Doppler studies)
Fetal disease (11)
Blood group incompatibilities - prevention and treatment (8)
Antenatal immunoglobulin for fetal red blood cell alloimmunization
Antenatal interventions for fetomaternal alloimmune thrombocytopenia
Antenatal phenobarbital for reducing neonatal jaundice after red cell isoimmunization
Anti-D administration after childbirth for preventing Rhesus alloimmunisation
Anti-D administration after spontaneous miscarriage for preventing Rhesus alloimmunisation
Anti-D administration in pregnancy for preventing Rhesus alloimmunisation
Intramuscular versus intravenous anti-D for preventing Rhesus alloimmunization during pregnancy
Techniques of intrauterine fetal transfusion for women with red-cell isoimmunisation for improving health outcomes
Fetal surgery (3)
Interventions for fetal immobilisation during fetal surgery and invasive procedures (protocol stage)
Prenatal interventions for congenital diaphragmatic hernia for improving outcomes
Prenatal versus postnatal repair procedures for spina bifida for improving infant and maternal outcomes
Specific fetal infections (0)
Prelabour rupture of membranes (8)
Prelabour rupture of membranes preterm (7)
Amnioinfusion for third trimester preterm premature rupture of membranes
Antibiotics for preterm rupture of membranes
Fetal assessment methods for improving neonatal and maternal outcomes in preterm prelabour rupture of membranes
Planned home versus hospital care for preterm prelabour rupture of the membranes (PPROM) prior to 37 weeks' gestation
Tocolytics for preterm premature rupture of membranes
Transabdominal amnioinfusion for improving fetal outcomes after oligohydramnios secondary to preterm prelabour rupture of membranes before 26 weeks
Sealing procedures for preterm prelabour rupture of membranes
Prelabour rupture of membranes at term (1)
Antibiotics for prelabour rupture of membranes at or near term
Preterm labour (62)
Prediction/prevention (24)
Antenatal lower genital tract infection screening and treatment programs for preventing preterm delivery
Antibiotics for treating bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy
Bed rest in singleton pregnancies for preventing preterm birth
Cervical stitch (cerclage) for preventing preterm birth in singleton pregnancy
Cervical assessment by ultrasound for preventing preterm delivery
Cervical cerclage in combination with other treatments for preventing preterm birth in singleton pregnancies (protocol stage)
Cervical stitch (cerclage) for preventing pregnancy loss in women
Cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibitors for preventing preterm labour
Fetal fibronectin testing for reducing the risk of preterm birth
Hypnosis for preventing preterm labour (protocol stage)
Interventions to prevent spontaneous preterm birth in high-risk women with singleton pregnancy: a systematic review and network meta-analysis (protocol stage)
Home uterine monitoring for detecting preterm labour
Prenatal administration of progesterone for preventing preterm birth in women considered to be at risk of preterm birth
Prenatal administration of progestogens for preventing spontaneous preterm birth in women with a singleton pregnancy (protocol stage)
Prenatal administration of progestogens for preventing spontaneous preterm birth in women with a multiple pregnancy
Probiotics for preventing preterm labour
Prophylactic oral betamimetics for preventing preterm labour in singleton pregnancies
Relaxation therapy for preventing and treating preterm labour
Risk-scoring systems for predicting preterm birth with the aim of reducing associated adverse outcomes
Specialised antenatal clinics for women with a pregnancy at high risk of preterm birth (excluding multiple pregnancy) to improve maternal and infant outcomes
Magnesium supplementation in pregnancy
Treating periodontal disease for preventing adverse birth outcomes in pregnant women
Cervical pessary for preventing preterm birth
Interventions during pregnancy to prevent preterm birth: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews
Fetal maturation/treatment (16)
Allopurinol for women in pregnancy for neuroprotection of the fetus (protocol stage)
Ambroxol for women at risk of preterm birth for preventing neonatal respiratory distress syndrome
Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth
Antenatal corticosteroids for fetal lung maturation: an overview of Cochrane reviews (protocol stage)
Cervical stitch (cerclage) for preventing preterm birth in multiple pregnancy
Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth
Different magnesium sulphate regimens for neuroprotection of the fetus for women at risk of preterm birth
Transplacental versus direct fetal corticosteroid treatment for accelerating fetal lung maturation where there is a risk of preterm birth
Intra-amniotic surfactant for women at risk of preterm birth for preventing respiratory distress in newborns
Magnesium sulphate for women at risk of preterm birth for neuroprotection of the fetus
Maternal antenatal methylxanthine (including caffeine) treatment for improving preterm outcomes (protocol stage)
Phenobarbital prior to preterm birth for preventing neonatal periventricular haemorrhage
Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health outcomes
Strategies for optimising antenatal corticosteroid administration for women with anticipated preterm birth
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone added to corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for preventing neonatal respiratory disease
Vitamin K prior to preterm birth for preventing neonatal periventricular haemorrhage
Treatment (13)
Betamimetics for inhibiting preterm labour
Calcium channel blockers for inhibiting preterm labour and birth
Combination of tocolytic agents for inhibiting preterm labour
Cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibitors for treating preterm labour
Different treatment regimens of magnesium sulphate for tocolysis in women in preterm labour
Ethanol for preventing preterm birth in threatened preterm labor
Hydration for treatment of preterm labour
Magnesium sulphate for preventing preterm birth in threatened preterm labour
Nitric oxide donors for treating preterm labour
Oxytocin receptor antagonists for inhibiting preterm labour
Prophylactic antibiotics for inhibiting preterm labour with intact membranes
Relaxin for preventing preterm birth
Progestational agents for treating threatened or established preterm labour
Maintenance (7)
Magnesium maintenance therapy for preventing preterm birth after threatened preterm labour
Maintenance therapy with calcium channel blockers for preventing preterm birth after threatened preterm labour
Home uterine monitoring for detecting preterm labour
Oral betamimetics for maintenance therapy after threatened preterm labour
Maintenance therapy with oxytocin antagonists for inhibiting preterm birth after threatened preterm labour
Terbutaline pump maintenance therapy after threatened preterm labor for preventing preterm birth
Terbutaline pump maintenance therapy after threatened preterm labour for reducing adverse neonatal outcomes
Delivery (2)
Caesarean section versus vaginal delivery for preterm birth in singletons
Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping and other strategies to influence placental transfusion at preterm birth on maternal and infant outcomes
Multiple pregnancy (12)
Bed rest with and without hospitalisation in multiple pregnancy for improving perinatal outcomes
Fetal and umbilical Doppler ultrasound in high-risk pregnancies
Elective birth at 37 weeks’ gestation for women with an uncomplicated twin pregnancy
Hospitalisation and bed rest for multiple pregnancy
Interventions for the treatment of twin-twin transfusion syndrome
Planned early delivery versus expectant management for monoamniotic twins
Nutritional advice for improving outcomes in multiple pregnancies
Prophylactic oral betamimetics for reducing preterm birth in women with a twin pregnancy
Planned caesarean section for women with a twin pregnancy
Reduction of the number of fetuses for women with a multiple pregnancy
Specialised antenatal clinics for women with a multiple pregnancy for improving maternal and infant outcomes
Regimens of ultrasound surveillance for twin pregnancies for improving outcomes
Antepartum haemorrhage (2)
Interventions for suspected placenta praevia
Interventions for treating placental abruption
Infection during pregnancy (46)
Vaginal infection (14)
Vaginal chlorhexidine during labour to prevent early-onset neonatal group B streptococcal infection
Antibiotic prophylaxis during the second and third trimester to reduce adverse pregnancy outcomes and morbidity
Antibiotics for treating bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy
Antibiotics for treating gonorrhoea in pregnancy
Antibiotics for ureaplasma in the vagina in pregnancy
Group B streptococcus immunisation during pregnancy for improving outcomes (protocol stage)
Interventions for treating genital chlamydia trachomatis infection in pregnancy
Interventions for trichomoniasis in pregnancy
Intrapartum antibiotics for known maternal Group B streptococcal colonization
Real-time polymerase chain reaction tests versus antenatal culture tests for the screening of maternal group B Streptococcus colonisation in labour (protocol stage)
Topical treatment for vaginal candidiasis (thrush) in pregnancy
Interventions for treating genital infection in pregnancy
Third trimester antiviral prophylaxis for preventing maternal genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) recurrences and neonatal infection
Vaginal chlorhexidine during labour for preventing maternal and neonatal infections (excluding Group B Streptococcal and HIV)
Urinary tract infection (7)
Antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy
Cranberries for treating asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy (protocol stage)
Different antibiotic regimens for treating asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy
Duration of treatment for asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy
Interventions for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection during pregnancy
Routine blood cultures in the management of pyelonephritis in pregnancy for improving outcomes
Treatments for symptomatic urinary tract infections during pregnancy
Other infections (25)
Strategies of testing for syphilis during pregnancy
Antibiotic regimens for management of intraamniotic infection
Antibiotics prior to amniotomy for reducing infectious morbidity in mother and infant
Antibiotics for meconium-stained amniotic fluid in labour for preventing maternal and neonatal infections
Antibiotics for syphilis diagnosed during pregnancy
Antiretrovirals for reducing the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection
Caesarean section versus vaginal delivery for preventing mother to infant hepatitis C virus transmission
Effect of administration of antihelminthics for soil-transmitted helminths during pregnancy
Impact of type B (Hib) and viral influenza vaccinations in pregnancy for improving maternal, neonatal and infant health outcomes
Hepatitis B vaccination during pregnancy for preventing infant infection
Insecticide-treated nets for preventing malaria in pregnancy
Interventions for reducing the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection
Amnioinfusion for chorioamnionitis
Efficacy and safety of cesarean delivery for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1
Pneumococcal vaccination during pregnancy for preventing infant infection
Postpartum rubella vaccination for sero-negative women (protocol stage)
Prenatal education for congenital toxoplasmosis
Antenatal interventions for preventing the transmission of cytomegalovirus (CMV) from the mother to fetus during pregnancy and adverse outcomes in the congenitally infected infant
Drugs for treating uncomplicated malaria in pregnant women
Routine antibiotic prophylaxis after normal vaginal birth for reducing maternal infectious morbidity
Drugs for preventing malaria in pregnant women in endemic areas: any drug regimen versus placebo or no treatment
Treatments for toxoplasmosis in pregnancy
Vaccines for women for preventing neonatal tetanus
Vaginal disinfection for preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection
Vitamin A supplements for reducing mother-to-child HIV transmission
Fetal malpresentation (10)
Acupuncture for turning a breech baby in pregnancy (protocol stage)
Cephalic version by moxibustion for breech presentation
Cephalic version by postural management for breech presentation
External cephalic version for breech presentation at term
External cephalic version for breech presentation before term
Hands and knees posture in late pregnancy or labour for fetal malposition (lateral or posterior)
Planned caesarean section for term breech delivery
Prophylactic manual rotation for fetal malposition to reduce operative delivery
Expedited versus conservative approaches for vaginal delivery in breech presentation
Interventions for helping to turn term breech babies to head first presentation when using external cephalic version
Care during childbirth (54)
Place of birth (2)
Alternative versus conventional institutional settings for birth
Planned hospital birth versus planned home birth
Routine intrapartum care (17)
Package of care for active management in labour for reducing caesarean section rates in low-risk women
Antenatal education for self-diagnosis of the onset of active labour at term
Assessment and support during early labour for improving birth outcomes
Caesarean section for non-medical reasons at term
Continuous support for women during childbirth
Restricting oral fluid and food intake during labour
Effect of partograph use on outcomes for women in spontaneous labour at term and their babies
Enemas during labour
Immersion in water during labour and birth
Internal versus external tocodynamometry during induced or augmented labour
Interventions for ketosis during labour
Intravenous fluids for reducing the duration of labour in low risk nulliparous women
Labour assessment programs to delay admission to labour wards
Maternal positions and mobility during first stage labour
Perceptions and experiences of labour companionship: a qualitative evidence synthesis
Routine vaginal examinations for assessing progress of labour to improve outcomes for women and babies at term
Routine perineal shaving on admission in labour
Normal labour - antacids (1)
Routine prophylactic drugs in normal labour for reducing gastric aspiration and its effects
Normal birth (34)
Second stage (7)
Fundal pressure during the second stage of labour
Immersion in water during labour and birth
Maternal position in the second stage of labour for women with epidural anaesthesia
Perineal techniques during the second stage of labour for reducing perineal trauma
Pushing/bearing down methods for the second stage of labour
Selective versus routine use of episiotomy for vaginal birth
Position in the second stage of labour for women without epidural anaesthesia
Third stage (27)
Timing of prophylactic uterotonics for the third stage of labour after vaginal birth
Advance misoprostol distribution for preventing and treating postpartum haemorrhage
Alternative positions for the baby at birth before clamping the umbilical cord
Alternative prophylactic therapies (acupuncture and/or moxibustion) for reducing blood loss in the third stage of labour (protocol stage)
Breastfeeding or nipple stimulation for reducing postpartum haemorrhage in the third stage of labour
Carbetocin for preventing postpartum haemorrhage
Controlled cord traction for the third stage of labour
Active versus expectant management for women in the third stage of labour
Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping and other strategies to influence placental transfusion at preterm birth on maternal and infant outcomes
Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping of term infants on maternal and neonatal outcomes
Fundal pressure versus controlled cord traction as part of the active management of the third stage of labour
Homeopathy for reducing blood loss in the third stage of labour (protocol stage)
Prophylactic use of ergot alkaloids in the third stage of labour
Methods for blood loss estimation after vaginal birth
Oxytocin for preventing postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) in non-facility birth settings
Intramuscular versus intravenous prophylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour
Prophylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour to prevent postpartum haemorrhage
Placental cord drainage after vaginal delivery as part of the management of the third stage of labour
Postpartum misoprostol for preventing maternal mortality and morbidity
Prophylactic ergometrine-oxytocin versus oxytocin for the third stage of labour
Prostaglandins for preventing postpartum haemorrhage
Umbilical vein injection for the routine management of third stage of labour
Topical umbilical cord care at birth
Tranexamic acid for preventing postpartum haemorrhage
Umbilical cord antiseptics for preventing sepsis and death among newborns
Uterine massage for preventing postpartum haemorrhage
Uterotonic agents for preventing postpartum haemorrhage: a network meta-analysis
Postpartum haemorrhage/retained placenta (11)
Anaesthesia/analgesia for manual removal of retained placenta (protocol stage)
Antifibrinolytic drugs for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage
First-line uterotonics for treating postpartum haemorrhage: a systematic review and network meta-analysis (protocol stage)
Non-pharmacological and non-surgical interventions for managing retained placenta (protocol stage)
Prophylactic antibiotics for manual removal of retained placenta in vaginal birth
Prophylactic interventions after delivery of placenta for reducing bleeding during the postnatal period
Prostaglandins for management of retained placenta
Treatment for primary postpartum haemorrhage
Treatments for secondary postpartum haemorrhage
Umbilical vein injection for management of retained placenta
Nitroglycerin for management of retained placenta
Induction of labour (48)
Specific indications (16)
Planned early delivery versus expectant management of the term suspected compromised baby for improving outcomes
Elective preterm birth for fetal gastroschisis
Elective birth at 37 weeks’ gestation for women with an uncomplicated twin pregnancy
Elective delivery in diabetic pregnant women
Elective repeat caesarean section versus induction of labour for women with a previous caesarean birth
Immediate versus deferred delivery of the preterm baby with suspected fetal compromise for improving outcomes
Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section
Induction of labour at or near term for suspected fetal macrosomia
Induction of labour for improving birth outcomes for women at or beyond term
Planned early birth versus expectant management (waiting) for prelabour rupture of membranes at term (37 weeks or more)
Planned early birth versus expectant management for women with preterm prelabour rupture of membranes prior to 37 weeks' gestation for improving pregnancy outcome
Planned early delivery versus expectant management for hypertensive disorders from 34 weeks gestation to term
Misoprostol for induction of labour to terminate pregnancy in the second or third trimester for women with a fetal anomaly or after intrauterine fetal death
Planned early delivery versus expectant management for monoamniotic twins
Planned birth at or near term for improving health outcomes for pregnant women with pre-existing diabetes and their infants
Planned birth at or near term for improving health outcomes for pregnant women with gestational diabetes and their infants
Techniques - primary reviews (26)
Acupuncture or acupressure for induction of labour
Amniotomy alone for induction of labour
Amniotomy plus intravenous oxytocin for induction of labour
Breast stimulation for cervical ripening and induction of labour
Buccal or sublingual misoprostol for cervical ripening and induction of labour
Castor oil, bath and/or enema for cervical priming and induction of labour
Corticosteroids for cervical ripening and induction of labour
Extra-amniotic prostaglandin for induction of labour
Homoeopathy for induction of labour
Hyaluronidase for cervical ripening and induction of labour
Hypnosis for induction of labour
Intracervical prostaglandins for induction of labour
Intravenous prostaglandin for induction of labour
Mechanical methods for induction of labour
Membrane sweeping for induction of labour
Methods for cervical ripening and labour induction in late pregnancy: generic protocol (protocol stage)
Mifepristone for induction of labour
Nitric oxide donors for cervical ripening and induction of labour
Oestrogens alone or with amniotomy for cervical ripening or induction of labour
Oral misoprostol for induction of labour
Oral prostaglandin E2 for induction of labour
Intravenous oxytocin alone for cervical ripening and induction of labour
Relaxin for cervical ripening and induction of labour
Sexual intercourse for cervical ripening and induction of labour
Vaginal misoprostol for cervical ripening and induction of labour
Vaginal prostaglandin (PGE2 and PGF2a) for induction of labour at term
Techniques - secondary reviews (0)
Miscellaneous (6)
Discontinuation of intravenous oxytocin in the active phase of induced labour
High-dose versus low-dose oxytocin infusion regimens for induction of labour at term
Pharmacological and mechanical interventions for labour induction in outpatient settings
Methods for assessing pre-induction cervical ripening
Morning versus evening induction of labour for improving outcomes
Outpatient versus inpatient induction of labour for improving birth outcomes
Pain during labour (25)
Non-pharmacological methods (10)
Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management during labour
Aromatherapy for pain management in labour
Biofeedback for pain management during labour
Complementary and alternative therapies for pain management in labour
Hypnosis for pain management during labour and childbirth
Massage, reflexology and other manual methods for pain management in labour
Pain management for women in labour: an overview of systematic reviews
Pain management for women in labour: generic protocol (protocol stage)
Relaxation techniques for pain management in labour
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for pain management in labour
Pharmacological methods (15)
Combined spinal-epidural versus epidural analgesia in labour
Discontinuation of epidural analgesia late in labour for reducing the adverse delivery outcomes associated with epidural analgesia
Early versus late initiation of epidural analgesia for labour
Epidural catheter replacement and intrathecal catheter techniques for preventing post-dural puncture headache following an inadvertent dural puncture in labour (protocol stage)
Epidural versus non-epidural or no analgesia for pain management in labour
High dose versus low dose opioid epidural regimens for pain relief in labour (protocol stage)
Inhaled analgesia for pain management in labour
Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour
Local anaesthetic nerve block for pain management in labour
Non-opioid drugs for pain management in labour
Pain management for women in labour: an overview of systematic reviews
Pain management for women in labour: generic protocol (protocol stage)
Patient-controlled analgesia with remifentanil versus alternative parenteral methods for pain management in labour
Prophylactic intravenous preloading for regional analgesia in labour
Intracutaneous or subcutaneous sterile water injection compared with blinded controls for pain management in labour
Education and training of health professionals (1)
Multi-professional simulation-based team training in obstetric emergencies for improving patient outcomes and trainees' performance (protocol stage)
Dystocia (13)
Fetopelvic disproportion (2)
Pelvimetry for fetal cephalic presentations at or near term for deciding on mode of delivery
Symphysiotomy for feto-pelvic disproportion
Prevention (1)
Intrapartum interventions for preventing shoulder dystocia
Augmentation (9)
Titrated oral misoprostol for augmenting labour to improve maternal and neonatal outcomes
Amniotomy for shortening spontaneous labour
Antispasmodics for labour
Complementary and alternative therapies for shortening labour (protocol stage)
Discontinuation of intravenous oxytocin in the active phase of induced labour
Early amniotomy and early oxytocin for prevention of, or therapy for, delay in first stage spontaneous labour compared with routine care
Oxytocin augmentation of labour in women with epidural analgesia for reducing operative deliveries
High-dose versus low-dose oxytocin for augmentation of delayed labour
Oxytocin versus no treatment or delayed treatment for slow progress in the first stage of spontaneous labour
Malposition (1)
Expedited versus conservative approaches for vaginal delivery in breech presentation
Other (0)
Fetal compromise during labour (23)
Diagnosis/prevention (14)
Admission tests other than cardiotocography for fetal assessment during labour
Cardiotocography versus intermittent auscultation of fetal heart on admission to labour ward for assessment of fetal wellbeing
Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour
Creatine for women in pregnancy for neuroprotection of the fetus
Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) for fetal monitoring during labour
Fetal pulse oximetry for fetal assessment in labour
Melatonin for women in pregnancy for neuroprotection of the fetus
Magnesium sulphate for women at term for neuroprotection of the fetus
Expert systems for fetal assessment in labour
Near-infrared spectroscopy for fetal assessment during labour
Prophylactic versus therapeutic amnioinfusion for oligohydramnios in labour
Intrapartum fetal scalp lactate sampling for fetal assessment in the presence of a non-reassuring fetal heart rate trace
Vibroacoustic stimulation for fetal assessment in labour in the presence of a nonreassuring fetal heart rate trace
Intermittent auscultation (IA) of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well-being
Treatment (9)
Amnioinfusion for meconium-stained liquor in labour
Amnioinfusion for potential or suspected umbilical cord compression in labour
Maternal oxygen administration for fetal distress
Acute tocolysis for uterine tachysystole or suspected fetal distress
Operative versus conservative management for 'fetal distress' in labour
Piracetam for fetal distress in labour
Prophylactic versus therapeutic amnioinfusion for oligohydramnios in labour
Tocolysis for preventing fetal distress in second stage of labour
Tocolytics for suspected intrapartum fetal distress
Perineal trauma (15)
Prevention (6)
Antenatal perineal massage for reducing perineal trauma
Interventions for improving outcomes for pregnant women who have experienced genital cutting
Hyaluronidase for reducing perineal trauma
Interventions for women in subsequent pregnancies following obstetric anal sphincter injury for improving health (protocol stage)
Perineal dilators for facilitating the second stage of labour (protocol stage)
Selective versus routine use of episiotomy for vaginal birth
Repair and healing (9)
Absorbable suture materials for primary repair of episiotomy and second degree tears
Antibiotic prophylaxis for third- and fourth-degree perineal tear during vaginal birth
Continuous and interrupted suturing techniques for repair of episiotomy or second-degree tears
Methods of repair for obstetric anal sphincter injury
Secondary suturing compared to non-suturing for broken down perineal wounds following childbirth
Antibiotic prophylaxis for episiotomy repair following vaginal birth
Surgical repair of spontaneous perineal tears that occur during childbirth versus no intervention
Antenatal maternal education for improving postnatal perineal healing for women who have birthed in a hospital setting
Use of endoanal ultrasound for reducing the risk of complications related to anal sphincter injury after vaginal birth
Operative vaginal delivery (5)
Analgesia for forceps delivery
Rapid versus stepwise negative pressure application for vacuum extraction assisted vaginal delivery
Choice of instruments for assisted vaginal delivery
Antibiotic prophylaxis for operative vaginal delivery
Trial of instrumental delivery in theatre versus immediate caesarean section for anticipated difficult assisted births
Caesarean section (45)
Anaesthesia (11)
Combined spinal-epidural versus spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section
Supplemental oxygen for caesarean section during regional anaesthesia
Hyperbaric versus isobaric bupivacaine for spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section
Drugs for general anaesthesia for caesarean section (protocol stage)
Interventions at caesarean section for reducing the risk of aspiration pneumonitis
Interventions for preventing hypothermia during caesarean delivery under regional anaesthesia (protocol stage)
Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section
Regional versus general anaesthesia for caesarean section
Spinal anaesthesia drugs for caesarean section (protocol stage)
Spinal versus epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section
Surgical techniques (14)
Abdominal surgical incisions for caesarean section
Closure versus non-closure of the peritoneum at caesarean section: short- and long-term outcomes
Extra-abdominal versus intra-abdominal repair of the uterine incision at caesarean section
Local anaesthetic wound infiltration and abdominal nerves block during caesarean section for postoperative pain relief
Methods of delivering the placenta at caesarean section
Postoperative vaginal swabbing versus no vaginal swabbing following caesarean section for preventing maternal infection (protocol stage)
Skin preparation for preventing infection following caesarean section
Surgical techniques for uterine incision and uterine closure at the time of caesarean section
Techniques and materials for closure of the abdominal wall in caesarean section
Techniques and materials for skin closure in caesarean section
Techniques for caesarean section
Indwelling bladder catheterisation as part of intraoperative and postoperative care for caesarean section
Wound drainage for caesarean section
Vaginal preparation with antiseptic solution before cesarean section for preventing postoperative infections
Other interventions (19)
Prostaglandins before caesarean section for preventing neonatal respiratory distress
Mechanical dilatation of the cervix during elective caesarean section before the onset of labour for reducing postoperative morbidity
Different classes of antibiotics given to women routinely for preventing infection at caesarean section
Maternal position during caesarean section for preventing maternal and neonatal complications
Complementary and alternative therapies for post-caesarean pain (protocol stage)
Corticosteroids for preventing neonatal respiratory morbidity after elective caesarean section at term
Chewing gum for enhancing early recovery of bowel function after caesarean section
Early compared with delayed oral fluids and food after caesarean section
Information for pregnant women about caesarean birth
Interventions for supporting pregnant women's decision-making about mode of birth after a caesarean
Music during caesarean section under regional anaesthesia for improving maternal and infant outcomes
Non-clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section
Oral analgesia for relieving post-caesarean pain
Planned caesarean section versus planned vaginal birth for severe pre-eclampsia
Planned elective repeat caesarean section versus planned vaginal birth for women with a previous caesarean birth
Antibiotic prophylaxis versus no prophylaxis for preventing infection after cesarean section
Techniques for assisting difficult delivery at caesarean section
Routes of administration of antibiotic prophylaxis for preventing infection after caesarean section
Timing of intravenous prophylactic antibiotics for preventing postpartum infectious morbidity in women undergoing cesarean delivery
Thromboprophylaxis (1)
Prophylaxis for venous thromboembolic disease in pregnancy and the early postnatal period
Care after childbirth (29)
Basic care of mother and baby (8)
Diet or exercise, or both, for weight reduction in women after childbirth
Early postnatal discharge from hospital for healthy mothers and term infants
Early skin-to-skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants
Education for contraceptive use by women after childbirth
Home visits during pregnancy and after birth for women with an alcohol or drug problem
Schedules for home visits in the early postpartum period
Postnatal parental education for optimizing infant general health and parent-infant relationships
Telephone support for women during pregnancy and the first six weeks postpartum
Miscellaneous symptoms after childbirth (9)
Antibiotic regimens for postpartum endometritis
Pelvic floor muscle training for preventing and treating urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and postnatal women
Interventions for preventing postpartum constipation
Interventions for treating postpartum constipation
Non-pharmacological interventions for women with postpartum fatigue (protocol stage)
Analgesia for relief of pain due to uterine cramping/involution after birth
Prophylactic interventions after delivery of placenta for reducing bleeding during the postnatal period
Routine antibiotic prophylaxis after normal vaginal birth for reducing maternal infectious morbidity
Antibiotic regimens for management of intra-amniotic infection
Unhappiness after childbirth (8)
General (5)
Dietary supplements for preventing postnatal depression
Hypnosis during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postnatal period for preventing postnatal depression
Interventions (other than psychosocial, psychological and pharmacological) for preventing postpartum depression (protocol stage)
Oestrogens and progestins for preventing and treating postpartum depression
Psychosocial and psychological interventions for preventing postpartum depression
Drug treatment [Cochrane Depression, Anxiety and Neurosis Group] (2)
Antidepressants for preventing postnatal depression
Antidepressant treatment for postnatal depression
Psychotherapy [Cochrane Depression, Anxiety and Neurosis Group] (1)
Psychosocial and psychological interventions for treating postpartum depression
Stillbirth/perinatal death (4)
Care prior to and during subsequent pregnancies following stillbirth for improving outcomes
Interventions for investigating and identifying the causes of stillbirth
Interventions for supporting parents’ decisions about autopsy after stillbirth
Support for mothers, fathers and families after perinatal death
Perineal pain (8)
Oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (single dose) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period
Aspirin (single dose) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period
Drugs for perineal pain in the early postpartum period: generic protocol (protocol stage)
Local cooling for relieving pain from perineal trauma sustained during childbirth
Paracetamol/acetaminophen (single administration) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period
Rectal analgesia for pain from perineal trauma following childbirth
Therapeutic ultrasound for postpartum perineal pain and dyspareunia
Topically applied anaesthetics for treating perineal pain after childbirth
Lactation (28)
Antenatal preparation (3)
Antenatal breastfeeding education for increasing breastfeeding duration
Antenatal breast examination for promoting breastfeeding
Antenatal breast milk expression by women with diabetes for improving infant outcomes
Supporting breastfeeding mothers (8)
Breastfeeding education and support for women with twins or higher order multiples
Interventions for promoting the initiation of breastfeeding
Interventions for treating painful nipples among breastfeeding women
Interventions in the workplace to support breastfeeding for women in employment
Interventions for supporting the initiation and continuation of breastfeeding among women who are overweight or obese
Baby-led compared with scheduled (or mixed) breastfeeding for successful breastfeeding
Rooming-in for new mother and infant versus separate care for increasing the duration of breastfeeding
Support for healthy breastfeeding mothers with healthy term babies
'Supplementing' the baby (2)
Cup feeding versus other forms of supplemental enteral feeding for newborn infants unable to fully breastfeed
Early additional food and fluids for healthy breastfed full-term infants
Maternal interventions (13)
Antibiotics for mastitis in breastfeeding women
Extra fluids for breastfeeding mothers for increasing milk production
Combined hormonal versus nonhormonal versus progestin-only contraception in lactation
Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth
Supplementation with long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) to breastfeeding mothers for improving child growth and development
Maternal dietary antigen avoidance during pregnancy or lactation, or both, for preventing or treating atopic disease in the child
Medications for increasing milk supply in mothers expressing breastmilk for their preterm hospitalised infants
Methods of milk expression for lactating women
Oral galactagogues (natural therapies or drugs) for increasing breast milk production in mothers of non-hospitalised term infants
Supplementation with multiple micronutrients for breastfeeding women for improving outcomes for the mother and baby
Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation
Treatments for breast abscesses in breastfeeding women
Vitamin A supplementation for postpartum women
Duration of breastfeeding (1)
Optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding
Miscellaneous (1)
Effect of restricted pacifier use in breastfeeding term infants for increasing duration of breastfeeding
Breast symptoms in non-lactating women (2)
Non-pharmacological approaches (1)
Treatments for suppression of lactation
Pharmacological approaches (1)
Treatments for suppression of lactation
Obsolete (1)
Antibiotics for gonorrhoea in pregnancy