Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group

Withdrawn

Amniotomy plus intravenous oxytocin for induction of labour

Amniotomy plus intravenous oxytocin for induction of labour (title)

Anaesthesia for evacuation of incomplete miscarriage (protocol)

Anaesthetics (single dose) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period (title)

Analgesia for amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling

Analgesia for forceps delivery (protocol)

Analgesia for relief of pain due to uterine cramping/involution after birth

Antenatal breast examination for promoting breastfeeding

Antenatal breast milk expression by women with diabetes for improving infant outcomes (title)

Antenatal breastfeeding education for increasing breastfeeding duration

Antenatal cardiotocography for fetal assessment

Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth

Antenatal day care units versus hospital admission for women with complicated pregnancy

Antenatal education about childhood immunizations for improving outcomes for children (title)

Antenatal education for self-diagnosis of the onset of active labour at term

Antenatal immunoglobulin for fetal red blood cell alloimmunization (protocol)

Antenatal interventions for fetomaternal alloimmune thrombocytopenia

Antenatal interventions for preventing the transmission of cytomegalovirus (CMV) from the mother to fetus during pregnancy and adverse outcomes in the congenitally infected infant

Antenatal interventions for reducing weight in obese women for improving pregnancy outcome (protocol)

Antenatal lower genital tract infection screening and treatment programs for preventing preterm delivery

Antenatal perineal massage for reducing perineal trauma

Antenatal phenobarbital for reducing neonatal jaundice after red cell isoimmunization

Antenatal psychosocial assessment for reducing perinatal mental health morbidity

Antenatal screening for Down's syndrome: generic protocol (protocol)

Anti-D administration after childbirth for preventing Rhesus alloimmunisation

Anti-D administration after spontaneous miscarriage for preventing Rhesus alloimmunisation (protocol)

Anti-D administration in pregnancy for preventing Rhesus alloimmunisation

Withdrawn

Antibiotic prophylaxis for cesarean section

Antibiotic prophylaxis for operative vaginal delivery

Antibiotic prophylaxis for third- and fourth-degree perineal tear during vaginal birth

Withdrawn

Antibiotic prophylaxis regimens and drugs for cesarean section

Antibiotic prophylaxis versus no prophylaxis for preventing infection after cesarean section

Antibiotic regimens for endometritis after delivery

Antibiotic regimens for management of intraamniotic infection

Antibiotic regimens for management of intraamniotic infection (title)

Antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy

Antibiotics for gonorrhoea in pregnancy

Antibiotics for mastitis in breastfeeding women

Antibiotics for meconium-stained amniotic fluid in labour for preventing maternal and neonatal infections

Antibiotics for prelabour rupture of membranes at or near term

Antibiotics for preterm rupture of membranes

Antibiotics for syphilis diagnosed during pregnancy

Antibiotics for treating bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy

Antibiotics for ureaplasma in the vagina in pregnancy

Anticoagulant therapy for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in pregnancy

Withdrawn

Antihistamines versus aspirin for itching in late pregnancy

Antihypertensive drug therapy for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy

Antioxidants for preventing pre-eclampsia

Withdrawn

Antiplatelet agents for preventing and treating pre-eclampsia

Antiplatelet agents for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications

Antispasmodics for labour (protocol)

Antithrombotic therapy for improving maternal or infant health outcomes in women considered at risk of placental dysfunction

Aromatherapy for pain management in labour

Aspirin (single administration) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period (title)

Aspirin or anticoagulants for treating recurrent miscarriage in women without antiphospholipid syndrome

Baby-led versus scheduled breastfeeding for healthy newborns (protocol)

Bed rest during pregnancy for preventing miscarriage

Bed rest in hospital for suspected impaired fetal growth

Bed rest in singleton pregnancies for preventing preterm birth

Bed rest with or without hospitalisation for hypertension during pregnancy

Betamimetics for inhibiting preterm labour

Betamimetics for suspected impaired fetal growth

Biochemical tests of placental function for assessment in pregnancy

Biofeedback for pain management during labour

Biophysical profile for fetal assessment in high risk pregnancies

Breast stimulation for cervical ripening and induction of labour

Buccal or sublingual misoprostol for cervical ripening and induction of labour

Withdrawn

Caesarean delivery for the second twin

Caesarean section for non-medical reasons at term

Caesarean section versus vaginal delivery for preventing mother to infant hepatitis C virus transmission

Calcium channel blockers for inhibiting preterm labour

Calcium channel blockers for potential impaired fetal growth

Calcium supplementation (other than for preventing or treating hypertension) for improving pregnancy and infant outcomes

Calcium supplementation commencing before pregnancy, or food fortification with calcium, for preventing hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (title)

Calcium supplementation during pregnancy for preventing hypertensive disorders and related problems

Calcium supplementation for treating pre-eclampsia (title)

Carbetocin for preventing postpartum haemorrhage

Withdrawn

Cardiotocography for antepartum fetal assessment

Cardiotocography versus intermittent auscultation of fetal heart on admission to labour ward for assessment of fetal wellbeing

Withdrawn

Caregiver support for postpartum depression

Withdrawn

Caregiver support for women during childbirth

Castor oil, bath and/or enema for cervical priming and induction of labour

Cephalic version by moxibustion for breech presentation

Cephalic version by postural management for breech presentation

Cervical assessment by ultrasound for preventing preterm delivery

Cervical pessary for preventing preterm birth

Cervical ripening before dilatation and curettage for non-viable pregnancy (title)

Cervical stitch (cerclage) for preventing pregnancy loss in women

Cervical stitch (cerclage) for preventing preterm birth in multiple pregnancy (protocol)

Cervical stitch (cerclage) for preventing preterm birth in singleton pregnancy (protocol)

Chinese herbal medicines for threatened miscarriage (protocol)

Chinese herbal medicines for treating pre-eclampsia

Choice of instruments for assisted vaginal delivery

Withdrawn

Chorion villus sampling versus amniocentesis for prenatal diagnosis

Closure versus non-closure of the peritoneum at caesarean section

Combination of the first and second trimester tests for Down's syndrome screening (title)

Combination of tocolytic agents for inhibiting preterm labour (protocol)

Combined oestrogen and progesterone for preventing miscarriage (protocol)

Combined spinal-epidural versus epidural analgesia in labour

Combined spinal-epidural versus spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (protocol)

Withdrawn

Commercial hospital discharge packs for breastfeeding women

Community-based intervention packages for reducing maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality and improving neonatal outcomes

Complementary and alternative therapies for pain management in labour

Complementary and alternative therapies for shortening labour (protocol)

Conservative management of symptomatic and/or complicated haemorrhoids in pregnancy and the puerperium

Withdrawn

Continuity of caregivers for care during pregnancy and childbirth

Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour

Withdrawn

Continuous electronic heart rate monitoring for fetal assessment during labor

Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple daily injections of insulin for pregnant women with diabetes

Continuous support for women during childbirth

Continuous versus interrupted sutures for repair of episiotomy or second degree tears

Continuous versus pulsatile oxytocin administration for the augmentation of labour (title)

Controlled cord traction for the third stage of labour (protocol)

Corticosteroids for cervical ripening and induction of labour

Corticosteroids for HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets) syndrome in pregnancy

Withdrawn

Corticosteroids for HELLP syndrome in pregnancy

Corticosteroids for preventing neonatal respiratory morbidity after elective caesarean section at term

Cranberries for asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy (title)

Creams for preventing stretch marks in pregnancy

Critical incident audit and feedback to improve perinatal and maternal mortality and morbidity

Customised versus population-based growth charts as a screening tool for detecting small for gestational age infants in low-risk pregnant women

Cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibitors for preventing preterm labour (protocol)

Cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibitors for treating preterm labour

Deflation of gastric band balloon in pregnancy for improving outcomes (title)

Diet and exercise interventions for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus (title)

Diet or exercise, or both, for weight reduction in women after childbirth

Dietary advice in pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus

Dietary interventions for lowering cholesterol during pregnancy (title)

Withdrawn

Dietary regulation for 'gestational diabetes'

Dietary supplements for preventing postnatal depression (protocol)

Different antibiotic regimens for treating asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy

Different classes of antibiotics given to women routinely for preventing infection at caesarean section

Different communication strategies for disclosing results of diagnostic prenatal testing

Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth

Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre-existing diabetes

Different magnesium sulphate regimens for neuroprotection of the fetus for women at risk of preterm birth

Different methods for the induction of labour in outpatient settings

Different strategies for diagnosing gestational diabetes to improve maternal and infant health

Different techniques of blood glucose monitoring in women with gestational diabetes for improving maternal and infant health (protocol)

Different types of dietary advice for women with gestational diabetes mellitus (protocol)

Discontinuation of epidural analgesia late in labour for reducing the adverse delivery outcomes associated with epidural analgesia

Diuretics for preventing pre-eclampsia

Dopamine agonists for preventing future miscarriage in women with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia and recurrent miscarriage history (protocol)

Withdrawn

Doppler ultrasound for fetal assessment in high risk pregnancies

Drugs for perineal pain in the early postpartum period: generic protocol (protocol)

Drugs for treatment of very high blood pressure during pregnancy

Duration of treatment for asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy

Early additional food and fluids for healthy breastfed full-term infants

Withdrawn

Early amniocentesis versus transabdominal chorion villus sampling for prenatal diagnosis

Early amniotomy and early oxytocin for prevention of, or therapy for, delay in first stage spontaneous labour compared with routine care

Early compared with delayed oral fluids and food after caesarean section

Early postnatal discharge from hospital for healthy mothers and term infants

Early skin-to-skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants

Early versus delayed umbilical cord clamping in preterm infants

Early versus late initiation of epidural analgesia for labour (protocol)

Effect of administration of antihelminthics for soil transmitted helminths during pregnancy

Effect of partogram use on outcomes for women in spontaneous labour at term

Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping of term infants on maternal and neonatal outcomes

Effectiveness of intermittent iron and folic acid supplementation regimens for women during pregnancy (title)

Effects and safety of periconceptional folate supplementation for preventing birth defects

Effects and safety of preventive oral iron or iron+folic acid supplementation for women during pregnancy

Effects and safety of preventive oral supplementation with iron or iron with folic acid for women following childbirth (title)

Effects of restricted caffeine intake by mother on fetal, neonatal and pregnancy outcome

Elective caesarean section versus expectant management for delivery of the small baby

Elective delivery of women with a twin pregnancy from 37 weeks' gestation

Elective preterm birth for fetal gastroschisis (protocol)

Elective repeat caesarean section versus induction of labour for women with a previous caesarean birth

Electro-inhibition for inhibiting preterm labour (title)

Enemas during labour

Energy and protein intake in pregnancy

Withdrawn

Energy/protein restriction for high weight-for-height or weight gain during pregnancy

Epidural catheter replacement and intrathecal catheter techniques for preventing post-dural puncture headache following an inadvertent dural puncture in labour (protocol)

New

Epidural therapy for the treatment of severe pre-eclampsia in non labouring women (protocol)

Epidural versus non-epidural or no analgesia in labour

Episiotomy for vaginal birth

Exercise for diabetic pregnant women

Exercise for pregnant women for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus (protocol)

Exercise or other physical activity for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications

Expectant care versus surgical treatment for miscarriage

Expedited versus conservative approaches for vaginal delivery in breech presentation

External cephalic version for breech presentation at term

External cephalic version for breech presentation before term

Extra fluids for breastfeeding mothers (protocol)

Extra-abdominal versus intra-abdominal repair of the uterine incision at caesarean section

Extra-amniotic prostaglandin for induction of labour

Fetal and umbilical Doppler ultrasound in high-risk pregnancies

Fetal and umbilical Doppler ultrasound in normal pregnancy

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) for fetal monitoring during labour

Fetal fibronectin testing for reducing the risk of preterm birth

Fetal manipulation for facilitating tests of fetal wellbeing

Fetal movement counting for assessment of fetal wellbeing

Fetal pulse oximetry for fetal assessment in labour

Fetal vibroacoustic stimulation for facilitation of tests of fetal wellbeing

First and second trimester serum tests with and without first trimester ultrasound tests for Down's syndrome screening (title)

First trimester serum tests for Down's syndrome screening (title)

First trimester ultrasound tests alone or in combination with first trimester serum tests for Down's syndrome screening (title)

First trimester ultrasound tests for Down's syndrome screening (title)

Withdrawn

Folate supplementation in pregnancy

Folate supplementation in pregnancy (protocol)

Follow-up for improving psychological well being for women after a miscarriage (protocol)

Fundal pressure during the second stage of labour

Fundal pressure versus controlled cord traction as part of the active management of the third stage of labour

Garlic for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications

Giving women their own case notes to carry during pregnancy

Group versus conventional antenatal care for pregnant women (protocol)

Haematological interventions for treating disseminated intravascular coagulation during pregnancy and postpartum

Hands and knees posture in late pregnancy or labour for fetal malposition (lateral or posterior)

Heparin for pregnant women with acquired or inherited thrombophilias

Hepatitis B vaccination during pregnancy for preventing infant infection

High dose versus low dose oxytocin for augmentation of delayed labour

High feedback versus low feedback of prenatal ultrasound for reducing maternal anxiety and improving maternal health behaviour in pregnancy

Withdrawn

High protein supplementation in pregnancy

Home uterine monitoring for detecting preterm labour (protocol)

Home versus hospital birth

Home versus hospital care in glucose monitoring of gestational diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance during pregnancy (title)

Updated

Home visits during pregnancy and after birth for women with an alcohol or drug problem

Homoeopathic remedies for perineal pain in the early postpartum period (title)

Homoeopathy for induction of labour

Hormones for suspected impaired fetal growth

Hospitalisation and bed rest for multiple pregnancy

Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) for preventing miscarriage (protocol)

Withdrawn

Human chorionic gonadotrophin for recurrent miscarriage

Human chorionic gonadotrophin for threatened miscarriage

Hyaluronidase for cervical ripening and induction of labour

Hydration for treatment of preterm labour

Hypnosis during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postnatal period for preventing postnatal depression (protocol)

Hypnosis for pain management during labour and childbirth (protocol)

Hypoglycaemic agents for pregnant women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (title)

Imaging techniques for antenatal detection of morbidly adherent placenta (protocol)

Immediate versus deferred delivery of the preterm baby with suspected fetal compromise for improving outcomes (protocol)

Immersion in water in labour and birth

Immunotherapy for recurrent miscarriage

Impact of haemophilus influenza type B (Hib) and viral influenza vaccinations in pregnancy for improving maternal, neonatal and infant health outcomes (title)

Incentives for increasing prenatal care use by women in order to improve maternal and neonatal outcomes (title)

Individual or group antenatal education for childbirth or parenthood, or both

Induction of labour for improving birth outcomes for women at or beyond term

Induction of labour for suspected fetal macrosomia

Induction of labour for women with a previous caesarean section (title)

Induction of labour versus expectant management for pre-eclampsia at or near term (protocol)

Information for pregnant women about caesarean birth

Inhaled analgesia for pain management in labour (protocol)

Instruments for chorionic villus sampling for prenatal diagnosis

Intermittent auscultation (IA) of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well-being (protocol)

Interventionist versus expectant care for severe pre-eclampsia before term

Interventions (other than pharmacological, psychosocial or psychological) for treating antenatal depression

Interventions at caesarean section for reducing the risk of aspiration pneumonitis

New

Interventions during the antenatal period for preventing stillbirth: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews (protocol)

Interventions for clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy

Interventions for heartburn in pregnancy

Updated

Interventions for helping to turn term breech babies to head first presentation when using external cephalic version

Interventions for improving outcomes for women who have experienced genital cutting (title)

Interventions for increasing milk supply in non-hospitalised breastfeeding mother-infant pairs (title)

Interventions for ketosis during labour

Interventions for leg cramps in pregnancy

Interventions for nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy

Withdrawn

Interventions for nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy

Interventions for postpartum constipation (title)

New

Interventions for pregnant women with hyperglycaemia not meeting gestational diabetes and type 2 diabetes diagnostic criteria (protocol)

Interventions for preventing and treating hyperthyroidism in pregnancy

Interventions for preventing and treating pelvic and back pain in pregnancy

Interventions for preventing excessive weight gain during pregnancy (protocol)

Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth

Withdrawn

Interventions for preventing or improving the outcome of delivery at or beyond term

Interventions for preventing or reducing domestic violence against pregnant women (protocol)

Interventions for preventing osteoporosis in women on heparin therapy during pregnancy (protocol)

Interventions for preventing pre-eclampsia and its consequences: generic protocol (protocol)

Interventions for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection during pregnancy (protocol)

Interventions for promoting smoking cessation during pregnancy

Interventions for promoting the initiation of breastfeeding

Interventions for reducing nausea and vomiting at caesarean section (protocol)

Interventions for supporting parents' decisions about autopsy after stillbirth (title)

Interventions for supporting women with decisions about a first caesarean delivery (title)

Interventions for supporting women with decisions about vaginal birth after caesarean birth (title)

Interventions for suspected placenta praevia

Interventions for the treatment of twin-twin transfusion syndrome

Interventions for treating cholestasis in pregnancy

Interventions for treating constipation in pregnancy

Interventions for treating genital chlamydia trachomatis infection in pregnancy

Interventions for treating hyperemesis gravidarum (title)

Interventions for treating painful nipples among breastfeeding women (protocol)

Interventions for treating painful sickle cell crisis during pregnancy

Interventions for treating peripartum cardiomyopathy to improve outcomes for women and babies

Interventions for treating placental abruption

Interventions for treating pre-eclampsia and its consequences: generic protocol (protocol)

Interventions for trichomoniasis in pregnancy

Interventions for varicose veins and leg oedema in pregnancy

Interventions in the workplace to support breastfeeding for women in employment

Intra-amniotic surfactant for women at risk of preterm birth for preventing respiratory distress in newborns

Intracervical prostaglandins for induction of labour

New

Intracutaneous or subcutaneous sterile water injection compared with blinded controls for pain management in labour (protocol)

Intramuscular versus intravenous anti-D for preventing Rhesus alloimmunization during pregnancy (protocol)

Intramuscular versus intravenous prophylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour (protocol)

Withdrawn

Intrapartum antibiotics for Group B streptococcal colonisation

Intrapartum antibiotics for known maternal Group B streptococcal colonization

Intrapartum fetal scalp lactate sampling for fetal assessment in the presence of a non-reassuring fetal heart rate trace

Intrapartum interventions for preventing shoulder dystocia

Intravenous fluids for preventing dehydration and prolonged labour in nulliparous women (protocol)

Intravenous oxytocin alone for cervical ripening and induction of labour

Intravenous prostaglandin for induction of labour

Withdrawn

Iron and folate supplementation in pregnancy

Iron supplementation for sickle cell disease during pregnancy (protocol)

Withdrawn

Iron supplementation in pregnancy

Withdrawn

Isocaloric balanced protein supplementation in pregnancy

Labour assessment programs to delay admission to labour wards

Lamivudine for preventing mother-to-child vertical transmission of hepatitis B virus infection (title)

Laparoscopic surgery for presumed benign ovarian tumor during pregnancy

Withdrawn

Lateral tilt for caesarean section

Local anaesthesia for perineal pain in labour (title)

Local anaesthetic nerve block for pain management in labour (protocol)

Local anaesthetic wound infiltration and abdominal nerves block during caesarean section for postoperative pain relief

Local antiseptic application for perineal repair after childbirth (title)

Local cooling for relieving pain from perineal trauma sustained during childbirth

Low-dose dopamine for women with severe pre-eclampsia

Magnesium maintenance therapy for preventing preterm birth after threatened preterm labour

Magnesium sulphate and other anticonvulsants for women with pre-eclampsia

Magnesium sulphate for preventing preterm birth in threatened preterm labour

Magnesium sulphate for women at risk of preterm birth for neuroprotection of the fetus

Magnesium sulphate for women at term for neuroprotection of the fetus (protocol)

Magnesium sulphate versus diazepam for eclampsia

Magnesium sulphate versus lytic cocktail for eclampsia

Magnesium sulphate versus phenytoin for eclampsia

Magnesium supplementation in pregnancy

Maintenance therapy with calcium channel blockers for preventing preterm birth after threatened preterm labour

Maintenance therapy with oxytocin antagonists for inhibiting preterm birth after threatened preterm labour

Management of reported decreased fetal movements for improving pregnancy outcomes (protocol)

Manual healing methods including massage and reflexology for pain management in labour (protocol)

Withdrawn

Manual removal of placenta at caesarean section

Marine oil, and other prostaglandin precursor, supplementation for pregnancy uncomplicated by pre-eclampsia or intrauterine growth restriction

Withdrawn

Maternal antigen avoidance during lactation for preventing atopic disease in infants of women at high risk

Withdrawn

Maternal antigen avoidance during lactation for preventing atopic eczema in infants

Maternal dietary antigen avoidance during pregnancy or lactation, or both, for preventing or treating atopic disease in the child

Maternal glucose administration for facilitating tests of fetal wellbeing

Maternal hydration for increasing amniotic fluid volume in oligohydramnios and normal amniotic fluid volume

Maternal iodine supplements in areas of deficiency

Maternal nutrient supplementation for suspected impaired fetal growth

Maternal oxygen administration for fetal distress

Maternal oxygen administration for suspected impaired fetal growth

Maternal position during caesarean section for preventing maternal and neonatal complications

Maternal positions and mobility during first stage labour

Maternal prenatal and/or postnatal n-3 fish oil supplementation for preventing allergies in early childhood (title)

Maternity waiting facilities for improving maternal and neonatal outcome in low-resource countries

Mechanical dilatation of the cervix at non-labour caesarean section for reducing postoperative morbidity (protocol)

Mechanical methods for induction of labour

Medical methods for preventing blood loss at caesarean section (protocol)

Medical treatment for early fetal death (less than 24 weeks)

Medical treatments for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura during pregnancy

Medical treatments for incomplete miscarriage (less than 24 weeks)

Medications for increasing milk supply in mothers expressing breastmilk for their hospitalised infants (protocol)

Membrane sweeping for induction of labour

Methods for administering subcutaneous heparin during pregnancy (protocol)

Methods for blood loss estimation after vaginal delivery (title)

Methods for cervical ripening and labour induction in late pregnancy: generic protocol (protocol)

Methods of delivering the placenta at caesarean section

Methods of milk expression for lactating women

Methods of repair for obstetric anal sphincter injury

Midwife-led versus other models of care for childbearing women

Mifepristone for induction of labour

Mind-body interventions during pregnancy for preventing or treating women's anxiety

Misoprostol for induction of labour to terminate pregnancy in the second or third trimester for women with a fetal anomaly or after intrauterine fetal death

Misoprostol for third stage of labour and maternal mortality (title)

Morning versus evening induction of labour for improving outcomes (protocol)

Multidisciplinary team training for staff in acute obstetrics (title)

Multiple-micronutrient supplementation for women during pregnancy

Music during caesarean section under regional anaesthesia for improving maternal and infant outcomes

Near-infrared spectroscopy for fetal assessment during labour

Nitric oxide donors for cervical ripening and induction of labour

Nitric oxide donors for the treatment of preterm labour

Nitric oxide for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications

Non-opioid drugs for pain management in labour (protocol)

Non-pharmacological and non-surgical interventions for managing retained placenta (title)

Non-pharmacological interventions for women with postpartum fatigue (title)

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (single dose) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period (title)

Nutritional advice for improving outcomes in multiple pregnancies

Withdrawn

Nutritional advice in pregnancy

Oestrogen supplementation, mainly diethylstilbestrol, for preventing miscarriages and other adverse pregnancy outcomes

Oestrogens alone or with amniotomy for cervical ripening or induction of labour

Oestrogens and progestins for preventing and treating postpartum depression

Operative versus conservative management for 'fetal distress' in labour

Opiates (single dose) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period (title)

Optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding

Oral anti-diabetic agents for women with pre-existing diabetes mellitus/impaired glucose tolerance or previous gestational diabetes mellitus

Oral beta-blockers for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy

Oral betamimetics for maintenance therapy after threatened preterm labour

Oral misoprostol for induction of labour

Oral prostaglandin E2 for induction of labour

Outpatient versus inpatient induction of labour for improving birth outcomes

Oxytocin augmentation of labour in women with epidural analgesia for reducing operative deliveries (protocol)

Oxytocin bolus versus continuous infusion for reducing blood loss in the third stage of labour (title)

Withdrawn

Oxytocin for prelabour rupture of membranes at or near term

Oxytocin infusion regimens for induction of labour (title)

Oxytocin receptor antagonists for inhibiting preterm labour

Oxytocin versus no treatment or delayed treatment for slow progress in the first stage of spontaneous labour

Pacifier use versus no pacifier use in breastfeeding term infants for increasing duration of breastfeeding

Package of care for active management in labour for reducing caesarean section rates in low-risk women

Pain management for women in labour: an overview of systematic reviews (protocol)

Pain management for women in labour: generic protocol (protocol)

Pain relief for women in labour: generic protocol (title)

Paracetamol/acetaminophen (single administration) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period

Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour

Pelvimetry for fetal cephalic presentations at or near term

Withdrawn

Periconceptional supplementation with folate and/or multivitamins for preventing neural tube defects

Perineal dilators for faciliatating the second stage of labour (title)

Perineal techniques during the second stage of labour for reducing perineal trauma (protocol)

Pharmacological interventions for promoting smoking cessation during pregnancy (title)

Phenobarbital prior to preterm birth for preventing neonatal periventricular haemorrhage

Piracetam for fetal distress in labour

Placental cord drainage after vaginal delivery as part of the management of the third stage of labour

Planned caesarean section for term breech delivery

Planned caesarean section for women with a twin pregnancy (protocol)

Planned caesarean section versus planned vaginal delivery for severe preeclampsia (protocol)

Planned early birth versus expectant management (waiting) for prelabour rupture of membranes at term (37 weeks or more)

Planned early birth versus expectant management for women with preterm prelabour rupture of membranes prior to 37 weeks' gestation for improving pregnancy outcome

Planned early delivery versus expectant management for monoamniotic twins (protocol)

Planned early delivery versus expectant management of the term suspected compromised baby for improving outcomes (protocol)

Planned elective repeat caesarean section versus planned vaginal birth for women with a previous caesarean birth

Planned home versus hospital care for preterm prelabour rupture of the membranes (PPROM) prior to 37 weeks' gestation

Plasma volume expansion for suspected impaired fetal growth

Plasma volume expansion for treatment of pre-eclampsia

Pneumococcal vaccination during pregnancy for preventing infant infection

Position in the second stage of labour for women with epidural anaesthesia (protocol)

Position in the second stage of labour for women without epidural anaesthesia

Postnatal parental education for optimizing infant general health and parent-infant relationships

Postpartum misoprostol for preventing maternal mortality and morbidity (protocol)

Postpartum rubella vaccination for sero-negative women (title)

Preconception and antenatal screening for the fragile site on the X-chromosome

Preconception care for diabetic women for improving maternal and infant health

Preconception care for women with a history of gestational diabetes for improving maternal and infant outcomes (title)

Prenatal administration of progesterone for preventing preterm birth in women considered to be at risk of preterm birth

Prenatal education for congenital toxoplasmosis

Prenatal interventions for congenital diaphragmatic hernia for improving outcomes (protocol)

Prevention and treatment of postpartum hypertension

Prevention of recurrent miscarriage for women with antiphospholipid antibody or lupus anticoagulant

Probiotics for preventing gestational diabetes (title)

Probiotics for preventing preterm labour

Progestational agents for treating threatened or established preterm labour

Progesterone for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications

Progestogen for preventing miscarriage

Progestogen for treating threatened miscarriage

Prophylactic antibiotic administration during second and third trimester in pregnancy for preventing infectious morbidity and mortality

Prophylactic antibiotics for inhibiting preterm labour with intact membranes

Prophylactic antibiotics for manual removal of retained placenta in vaginal birth

Withdrawn

Prophylactic corticosteroids for preterm birth

Prophylactic ergometrine-oxytocin versus oxytocin for the third stage of labour

Prophylactic interventions after delivery of placenta for reducing bleeding during the postnatal period (protocol)

Prophylactic intravenous preloading for regional analgesia in labour

Prophylactic manual rotation for fetal malposition to reduce operative delivery (protocol)

Prophylactic oral betamimetics for preventing preterm labour in singleton pregnancies

Prophylactic oral betamimetics for reducing preterm birth in women with a twin pregnancy

Prophylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour

Prophylactic use of ergot alkaloids in the third stage of labour

Withdrawn

Prophylactic versus selective blood transfusion for sickle cell anaemia during pregnancy

Prophylactic versus therapeutic amnioinfusion for oligohydramnios in labour

Prophylaxis for venous thromboembolic disease in pregnancy and the early postnatal period

Prostaglandin A for treating pre-eclampsia (title)

Prostaglandins before caesarean section for preventing neonatal respiratory distress (title)

Prostaglandins for management of retained placenta (title)

Withdrawn

Prostaglandins for prelabour rupture of membranes at or near term

Prostaglandins for preventing postpartum haemorrhage

Withdrawn

Prostaglandins versus oxytocin for prelabour rupture of membranes at or near term

Withdrawn

Prostaglandins versus oxytocin for prelabour rupture of membranes at term

Psychological and/or educational interventions for reducing alcohol consumption in pregnant women and women planning pregnancy

Psychosocial and educational interventions in latent phase or early labour for improving birth outcomes (title)

Psychosocial and psychological interventions for preventing postpartum depression

Psychosocial and psychological interventions for treating antenatal depression

Psychosocial, psychological and pharmacological interventions for treating antenatal anxiety (title)

Pulmonary artery flow catheters for directing management in pre-eclampsia (protocol)

Pushing/bearing down methods for the second stage of labour (protocol)

Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) supplementation in pregnancy

Rapid versus stepwise negative pressure application for vacuum extraction assisted vaginal delivery

Rectal analgesia for pain from perineal trauma following childbirth

Withdrawn

Rectal analgesia for pain relief after caesarean section (protocol)

Reduced salt intake compared to normal dietary salt, or high intake, in pregnancy

Reduction of the number of fetuses for women with triplet and higher order multiple pregnancies

Regimens of fetal surveillance for impaired fetal growth

Regional versus general anaesthesia for caesarean section

Relaxation for preventing hypertension during pregnancy (title)

Relaxation techniques for pain management in labour (protocol)

Relaxation therapy for preventing and treating preterm labour (protocol)

Relaxin for cervical ripening and induction of labour

Relaxin for preventing preterm birth in threatened preterm labour (title)

Repair procedures for spina bifida for improving infant and maternal outcomes (protocol)

Repeat digital cervical assessment in pregnancy for identifying women at risk of preterm labour

Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health outcomes

Rest during pregnancy for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications in women with normal blood pressure

Restricting oral fluid and food intake during labour

Risk scoring systems for predicting preterm birth with the aim of reducing associated adverse outcomes (protocol)

Routine blood cultures in the management of pyelonephritis in pregnancy for improving outcomes (protocol)

Routine perineal shaving on admission in labour

Routine pre-pregnancy health promotion for improving pregnancy outcomes

Routine prophylactic drugs in normal labour for reducing gastric aspiration and its effects

Routine ultrasound in late pregnancy (after 24 weeks' gestation)

Routine vaginal examinations for assessing progress of labour to improve outcomes for women and babies at term (title)

Schedules for home visits in the early postpartum period (protocol)

Screening and subsequent management for gestational diabetes for improving maternal and infant health

Sealing procedures for preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (title)

Second trimester serum tests for Down's Syndrome screening (title)

Second trimester serum tests for Down's syndrome screening (title)

Secondary suturing compared to non-suturing for broken down perineal wounds following childbirth (protocol)

Selenium supplementation during pregnancy for improving maternal and newborn outcomes (title)

Separate care for new mother and infant versus rooming-in for increasing the duration of breastfeeding (protocol)

Sexual intercourse for cervical ripening and induction of labour

Withdrawn

Single versus two layer suturing for closing the uterine incision at Caesarean section

Skin preparation for preventing infection following caesarean section (protocol)

Withdrawn

Soft versus rigid vacuum extractor cups for assisted vaginal delivery

Specialised antenatal clinics for women with a multiple pregnancy for improving maternal and infant outcomes

Specialised antenatal clinics for women with a pregnancy at high risk of preterm birth (excluding multiple pregnancy) to improve maternal and infant outcomes

Spinal versus epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section

Strategies of testing for syphilis during pregnancy (title)

Supplementation with long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) to breastfeeding mothers for improving child growth and development

Support during pregnancy for women at increased risk of low birthweight babies

Support for breastfeeding mothers

Support for mothers, fathers and families after perinatal death

Surgical procedures for evacuating incomplete miscarriage

Surgical repair of spontaneous perineal tears that occur during childbirth versus no intervention

Surgical techniques for uterine incision and uterine closure at the time of caesarean section

Symphysial fundal height measurement (SFH) in pregnancy for detecting abnormal fetal growth (protocol)

Symphysiotomy for feto-pelvic disproportion

Symphysis-fundal height measurement in pregnancy

Technique modifications for reducing the risks from amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling (protocol)

Techniques and materials for closure of the abdominal wall in caesarean section

Techniques and materials for skin closure in caesarean section

Techniques for caesarean section

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section

Techniques of intrauterine fetal transfusion for women with red-cell isoimmunisation for improving health outcomes

Techniques of monitoring blood glucose during pregnancy for women with pre-existing diabetes (title)

Telephone support for women during pregnancy and the first six weeks postpartum (protocol)

Terbutaline pump maintenance therapy after threatened preterm labor for preventing preterm birth

Therapeutic ultrasound for postpartum perineal pain and dyspareunia

Third trimester antiviral prophylaxis for preventing maternal genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) recurrences and neonatal infection

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone added to corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for preventing neonatal respiratory disease

Tight control of mild-moderate pre-existing or non-proteinuric gestational hypertension

Timing of prophylactic antibiotics for preventing postpartum infectious morbidity in women undergoing cesarean delivery (protocol)

Timing of prophylactic uterotonics for the third stage of labour after vaginal birth

Tocolysis for assisting delivery at caesarean section

Tocolysis for management of retained placenta

Tocolysis for preventing fetal distress in second stage of labour

Tocolysis for reducing risks from amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling (title)

Tocolytics for preterm premature rupture of membranes

Tocolytics for suspected intrapartum fetal distress

Topical treatment for vaginal candidiasis (thrush) in pregnancy

Topical umbilical cord care at birth

Topically applied anaesthetics for treating perineal pain after childbirth

Traditional birth attendant training for improving health behaviours and pregnancy outcomes

Traditional Chinese medicine for preventing postpartum hemorrhage (protocol)

Tranexamic acid for preventing postpartum haemorrhage

Transabdominal fetal ECG for pregnant women (title)

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for pain management in labour

Transcutaneous electrostimulation for suspected placental insufficiency (diagnosed by Doppler studies)

Transplacental versus direct fetal corticosteroid treatment for accelerating fetal lung maturation where there is a risk of preterm birth

Treatment for primary postpartum haemorrhage

Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia

Treatment of valvular heart disease during pregnancy for improving maternal and neonatal outcome

Withdrawn

Treatments for gestational diabetes

Treatments for insomnia during pregnancy (title)

Treatments for iron-deficiency anaemia in pregnancy

Treatments for secondary postpartum haemorrhage

Treatments for suppression of lactation

Treatments for symptomatic urinary tract infections during pregnancy

Treatments for toxoplasmosis in pregnancy

Trial of instrumental delivery in theatre versus immediate caesarean section for anticipated difficult assisted births

Withdrawn

Types of intra-muscular opioids for maternal pain relief in labour

Ultrasound for fetal assessment in early pregnancy

Withdrawn

Ultrasound for fetal assessment in early pregnancy

Umbilical cord antiseptics for preventing sepsis and death among newborns (protocol)

Umbilical vein injection for management of retained placenta

Umbilical vein injection for the routine management of third stage of labour (protocol)

Urine tests for Down's syndrome screening (title)

Urine tests for Down's Syndrome screening (title)

Use of endoanal ultrasound for reducing the risk of complications related to anal sphincter injury after vaginal birth (title)

Use of intra-uterine pressure catheter (IUPC) versus external tocodynamometry (TOCO) during labour for reducing adverse outcomes (protocol)

Use of warm baths for relieving pain from perineal trauma sustained during childbirth (title)

Uterine massage for preventing postpartum haemorrhage

Uterine muscle relaxant drugs for threatened miscarriage

Utero-placental Doppler ultrasound for improving pregnancy outcome

Vaccines for women to prevent neonatal tetanus

Withdrawn

Vacuum extraction versus forceps for assisted vaginal delivery

Vaginal chlorhexidine during labour for preventing maternal and neonatal infections (excluding Group B Streptococcal and HIV)

Vaginal chlorhexidine during labour to prevent early-onset neonatal group B streptococcal infection

Vaginal misoprostol for cervical ripening and induction of labour

Vaginal preparation with antiseptic solution before cesarean section for preventing postoperative infections

Vaginal prostaglandin (PGE2 and PGF2a) for induction of labour at term

Withdrawn

Very tight versus tight control for diabetes in pregnancy

Vibroacoustic stimulation for fetal assessment in labour in the presence of a nonreassuring fetal heart rate trace

Withdrawn

Vitamin A supplementation during pregnancy

Vitamin A supplementation during pregnancy for maternal and newborn outcomes

Vitamin A supplementation for postpartum women

Vitamin C supplementation in pregnancy

Vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy (protocol)

Withdrawn

Vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy

Vitamin E supplementation in pregnancy

Vitamin K prior to preterm birth for preventing neonatal periventricular haemorrhage

Vitamin supplementation for preventing miscarriage

Zinc supplementation for improving pregnancy and infant outcome

By subtopic:

Pregnancy and Childbirth Group (601)

Basic care during pregnancy (12)

Basic care (9)

Critical incident audit and feedback to improve perinatal and maternal mortality and morbidity

Giving women their own case notes to carry during pregnancy

Home visits during pregnancy and after birth for women with an alcohol or drug problem

Individual or group antenatal education for childbirth or parenthood, or both

Maternity waiting facilities for improving maternal and neonatal outcome in low-resource countries

Midwife-led versus other models of care for childbearing women

Preconception counselling for women with epilepsy to reduce adverse pregnancy outcome

Routine pre-pregnancy health promotion for improving pregnancy outcomes

Traditional birth attendant training for improving health behaviours and pregnancy outcomes

Dietary patterns in pregnancy (3)

Antenatal interventions for reducing weight in obese women for improving pregnancy outcome (protocol stage)

Effects of restricted caffeine intake by mother on fetal, neonatal and pregnancy outcome

Interventions for preventing excessive weight gain during pregnancy (protocol stage)

Antenatal care (9)

Alternative versus standard packages of antenatal care for low-risk pregnancy

Antenatal day care units versus hospital admission for women with complicated pregnancy

Community-based intervention packages for reducing maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality and improving neonatal outcomes

Group versus conventional antenatal care for pregnant women (protocol stage)

Interventions during the antenatal period for preventing stillbirth: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews (protocol stage)

Repeat digital cervical assessment in pregnancy for identifying women at risk of preterm labour

Support during pregnancy for women at increased risk of low birthweight babies

Symphysial fundal height measurement (SFH) in pregnancy for detecting abnormal fetal growth (protocol stage)

Symphysis-fundal height measurement in pregnancy

Behaviour/advice during pregnancy (10)

Smoking (1)

Interventions for promoting smoking cessation during pregnancy

Work and physical activity (1)

Aerobic exercise for women during pregnancy

Sexual activity (0)

Alcohol (4)

Home visits during pregnancy and after birth for women with an alcohol or drug problem

Pharmacologic Interventions for Pregnant Women Enrolled in Alcohol Treatment

Psychological and/or educational interventions for reducing alcohol consumption in pregnant women and women planning pregnancy

Psychosocial interventions for women enrolled in alcohol treatment during pregnancy.

Drug misuse [Cochrane Drugs and Alcohol Group] (3)

Home visits during pregnancy and after birth for women with an alcohol or drug problem

Maintenance agonist treatments for opiate dependent pregnant women

Psychosocial interventions for pregnant women in outpatient illicit drug treatment programs compared to other interventions

Violence against women (1)

Interventions for preventing or reducing domestic violence against pregnant women (protocol stage)

Nutrition during pregnancy (14)

Pre/periconceptional care (1)

Effects and safety of periconceptional folate supplementation for preventing birth defects

Energy/protein intake (1)

Energy and protein intake in pregnancy

Dietary antigen avoidance (1)

Maternal dietary antigen avoidance during pregnancy or lactation, or both, for preventing or treating atopic disease in the child

Vitamins/minerals (11)

Calcium supplementation (other than for preventing or treating hypertension) for improving pregnancy and infant outcomes

Magnesium supplementation in pregnancy

Maternal iodine supplements in areas of deficiency

Multiple-micronutrient supplementation for women during pregnancy

Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) supplementation in pregnancy

Vitamin A supplementation during pregnancy for maternal and newborn outcomes

Vitamin C supplementation in pregnancy

Vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy (protocol stage)

Vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy

Vitamin E supplementation in pregnancy

Zinc supplementation for improving pregnancy and infant outcome

Symptoms during pregnancy (8)

Creams for preventing stretch marks in pregnancy

Interventions for heartburn in pregnancy

Interventions for leg cramps in pregnancy

Interventions for nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy

Interventions for preventing and treating pelvic and back pain in pregnancy

Interventions for treating constipation in pregnancy

Interventions for varicose veins and leg oedema in pregnancy

Safety of topical corticosteroids in pregnancy

Psychological wellbeing during pregnancy (7)

Antenatal psychosocial assessment for reducing perinatal mental health morbidity

Antipsychotic drugs for non-affective psychosis during pregnancy and postpartum

Hypnosis during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postnatal period for preventing postnatal depression (protocol stage)

Interventions (other than pharmacological, psychosocial or psychological) for treating antenatal depression

Mind-body interventions during pregnancy for preventing or treating women's anxiety

Psychosocial and psychological interventions for preventing postpartum depression

Psychosocial and psychological interventions for treating antenatal depression

Miscarriage (20)

Prevention (10)

Aspirin or anticoagulants for treating recurrent miscarriage in women without antiphospholipid syndrome

Bed rest during pregnancy for preventing miscarriage

Combined oestrogen and progesterone for preventing miscarriage (protocol stage)

Dopamine agonists for preventing future miscarriage in women with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia and recurrent miscarriage history (protocol stage)

Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) for preventing miscarriage (protocol stage)

Immunotherapy for recurrent miscarriage

Oestrogen supplementation, mainly diethylstilbestrol, for preventing miscarriages and other adverse pregnancy outcomes

Prevention of recurrent miscarriage for women with antiphospholipid antibody or lupus anticoagulant

Progestogen for preventing miscarriage

Vitamin supplementation for preventing miscarriage

Treatment of threatened miscarriage (4)

Chinese herbal medicines for threatened miscarriage (protocol stage)

Human chorionic gonadotrophin for threatened miscarriage

Progestogen for treating threatened miscarriage

Uterine muscle relaxant drugs for threatened miscarriage

Treatment (6)

Anaesthesia for evacuation of incomplete miscarriage (protocol stage)

Expectant care versus surgical treatment for miscarriage

Follow-up for improving psychological well being for women after a miscarriage (protocol stage)

Medical treatment for early fetal death (less than 24 weeks)

Medical treatments for incomplete miscarriage (less than 24 weeks)

Surgical procedures for evacuating incomplete miscarriage

Medical problems during pregnancy (73)

Hypertension during pregnancy (35)

Prevention (13)

Altered dietary salt for preventing pre-eclampsia, and its complications

Antioxidants for preventing pre-eclampsia

Antiplatelet agents for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications

Calcium supplementation during pregnancy for preventing hypertensive disorders and related problems

Diuretics for preventing pre-eclampsia

Exercise or other physical activity for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications

Garlic for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications

Interventions for preventing pre-eclampsia and its consequences: generic protocol (protocol stage)

Marine oil, and other prostaglandin precursor, supplementation for pregnancy uncomplicated by pre-eclampsia or intrauterine growth restriction

Nitric oxide for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications

Progesterone for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications

Reduced salt intake compared to normal dietary salt, or high intake, in pregnancy

Rest during pregnancy for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications in women with normal blood pressure

Detection (1)

Ambulatory versus conventional methods for monitoring blood pressure during pregnancy

Treatment of mild/moderate hypertension (5)

Antihypertensive drug therapy for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy

Bed rest with or without hospitalisation for hypertension during pregnancy

Chinese herbal medicines for treating pre-eclampsia

Oral beta-blockers for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy

Tight control of mild-moderate pre-existing or non-proteinuric gestational hypertension

Treatment of severe pre-eclampsia/eclampsia (16)

Alternative magnesium sulphate regimens for women with pre-eclampsia and eclampsia

Bed rest with or without hospitalisation for hypertension during pregnancy

Corticosteroids for HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets) syndrome in pregnancy

Drugs for treatment of very high blood pressure during pregnancy

Epidural therapy for the treatment of severe pre-eclampsia in non labouring women (protocol stage)

Induction of labour versus expectant management for pre-eclampsia at or near term (protocol stage)

Interventionist versus expectant care for severe pre-eclampsia before term

Interventions for treating pre-eclampsia and its consequences: generic protocol (protocol stage)

Low-dose dopamine for women with severe pre-eclampsia

Magnesium sulphate and other anticonvulsants for women with pre-eclampsia

Magnesium sulphate versus diazepam for eclampsia

Magnesium sulphate versus lytic cocktail for eclampsia

Magnesium sulphate versus phenytoin for eclampsia

Plasma volume expansion for treatment of pre-eclampsia

Prevention and treatment of postpartum hypertension

Pulmonary artery flow catheters for directing management in pre-eclampsia (protocol stage)

Anaemia during pregnancy (6)

Prevention (2)

Effects and safety of preventive oral iron or iron+folic acid supplementation for women during pregnancy

Folate supplementation in pregnancy (protocol stage)

Treatment (4)

Interventions for treating painful sickle cell crisis during pregnancy

Iron supplementation for sickle cell disease during pregnancy (protocol stage)

Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia

Treatments for iron-deficiency anaemia in pregnancy

Glucose intolerance (15)

Gestational diabetes (10)

Dietary advice in pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus

Different strategies for diagnosing gestational diabetes to improve maternal and infant health

Different techniques of blood glucose monitoring in women with gestational diabetes for improving maternal and infant health (protocol stage)

Different types of dietary advice for women with gestational diabetes mellitus (protocol stage)

Exercise for diabetic pregnant women

Exercise for pregnant women for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus (protocol stage)

Interventions for pregnant women with hyperglycaemia not meeting gestational diabetes and type 2 diabetes diagnostic criteria (protocol stage)

Screening and subsequent management for gestational diabetes for improving maternal and infant health

Treatments for gestational diabetes

Diabetes (5)

Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple daily injections of insulin for pregnant women with diabetes

Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre-existing diabetes

Oral anti-diabetic agents for women with pre-existing diabetes mellitus/impaired glucose tolerance or previous gestational diabetes mellitus

Preconception care for diabetic women for improving maternal and infant health

Thromboembolic disease (7)

Anticoagulant therapy for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in pregnancy

Haematological interventions for treating disseminated intravascular coagulation during pregnancy and postpartum

Heparin for pregnant women with acquired or inherited thrombophilias

Interventions for preventing osteoporosis in women on heparin therapy during pregnancy (protocol stage)

Medical treatments for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura during pregnancy

Methods for administering subcutaneous heparin during pregnancy (protocol stage)

Prophylaxis for venous thromboembolic disease in pregnancy and the early postnatal period

Cardiac and renal disease (2)

Interventions for treating peripartum cardiomyopathy to improve outcomes for women and babies

Treatment of valvular heart disease during pregnancy for improving maternal and neonatal outcome

Other diseases in pregnancy (8)

Combination chemotherapy for high-risk gestational trophoblastic tumour

Common antiepileptic drugs in pregnancy in women with epilepsy

Conservative management of symptomatic and/or complicated haemorrhoids in pregnancy and the puerperium

Interventions for clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy

Interventions for preventing and treating hyperthyroidism in pregnancy

Interventions for treating cholestasis in pregnancy

Laparoscopic surgery for presumed benign ovarian tumor during pregnancy

Safety of topical corticosteroids in pregnancy

Fetal assessment before labour (38)

Ultrasound (5)

High feedback versus low feedback of prenatal ultrasound for reducing maternal anxiety and improving maternal health behaviour in pregnancy

Imaging techniques for antenatal detection of morbidly adherent placenta (protocol stage)

Routine ultrasound in late pregnancy (after 24 weeks' gestation)

Ultrasound for fetal assessment in early pregnancy

Prenatal diagnosis (7)

Genetic disorders (1)

Preconception and antenatal screening for the fragile site on the X-chromosome

Invasive procedures (6)

Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling for prenatal diagnosis

Analgesia for amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling

Antenatal screening for Down's syndrome: generic protocol (protocol stage)

Different communication strategies for disclosing results of diagnostic prenatal testing

Instruments for chorionic villus sampling for prenatal diagnosis

Technique modifications for reducing the risks from amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling (protocol stage)

Counselling (0)

Impaired fetal growth and well being (26)

Fetal compromise during pregnancy (26)

Screening and diagnosis (13)

Amniotic fluid index versus single deepest vertical pocket as a screening test for preventing adverse pregnancy outcome

Antenatal cardiotocography for fetal assessment

Biochemical tests of placental function for assessment in pregnancy

Biophysical profile for fetal assessment in high risk pregnancies

Customised versus population-based growth charts as a screening tool for detecting small for gestational age infants in low-risk pregnant women

Fetal and umbilical Doppler ultrasound in high-risk pregnancies

Fetal and umbilical Doppler ultrasound in normal pregnancy

Fetal manipulation for facilitating tests of fetal wellbeing

Fetal movement counting for assessment of fetal wellbeing

Fetal vibroacoustic stimulation for facilitation of tests of fetal wellbeing

Maternal glucose administration for facilitating tests of fetal wellbeing

Regimens of fetal surveillance for impaired fetal growth

Utero-placental Doppler ultrasound for improving pregnancy outcome

Conservative management of compromised fetus (13)

Abdominal decompression for suspected fetal compromise/pre-eclampsia

Abdominal decompression in normal pregnancy

Antithrombotic therapy for improving maternal or infant health outcomes in women considered at risk of placental dysfunction

Bed rest in hospital for suspected impaired fetal growth

Betamimetics for suspected impaired fetal growth

Calcium channel blockers for potential impaired fetal growth

Hormones for suspected impaired fetal growth

Management of reported decreased fetal movements for improving pregnancy outcomes (protocol stage)

Maternal hydration for increasing amniotic fluid volume in oligohydramnios and normal amniotic fluid volume

Maternal nutrient supplementation for suspected impaired fetal growth

Maternal oxygen administration for suspected impaired fetal growth

Plasma volume expansion for suspected impaired fetal growth

Transcutaneous electrostimulation for suspected placental insufficiency (diagnosed by Doppler studies)

Fetal disease (9)

Blood group incompatibilities - prevention and treatment (7)

Antenatal immunoglobulin for fetal red blood cell alloimmunization (protocol stage)

Antenatal interventions for fetomaternal alloimmune thrombocytopenia

Antenatal phenobarbital for reducing neonatal jaundice after red cell isoimmunization

Anti-D administration after childbirth for preventing Rhesus alloimmunisation

Anti-D administration in pregnancy for preventing Rhesus alloimmunisation

Intramuscular versus intravenous anti-D for preventing Rhesus alloimmunization during pregnancy (protocol stage)

Techniques of intrauterine fetal transfusion for women with red-cell isoimmunisation for improving health outcomes

Fetal surgery (2)

Prenatal interventions for congenital diaphragmatic hernia for improving outcomes (protocol stage)

Repair procedures for spina bifida for improving infant and maternal outcomes (protocol stage)

Specific fetal infections (0)

Prelabour rupture of membranes (5)

Prelabour rupture of membranes preterm (4)

Amnioinfusion for preterm premature rupture of membranes

Antibiotics for preterm rupture of membranes

Planned home versus hospital care for preterm prelabour rupture of the membranes (PPROM) prior to 37 weeks' gestation

Tocolytics for preterm premature rupture of membranes

Prelabour rupture of membranes at term (1)

Antibiotics for prelabour rupture of membranes at or near term

Preterm labour (47)

Prediction/prevention (18)

Antenatal lower genital tract infection screening and treatment programs for preventing preterm delivery

Antibiotics for treating bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy

Bed rest in singleton pregnancies for preventing preterm birth

Cervical assessment by ultrasound for preventing preterm delivery

Cervical pessary for preventing preterm birth

Cervical stitch (cerclage) for preventing pregnancy loss in women

Cervical stitch (cerclage) for preventing preterm birth in singleton pregnancy (protocol stage)

Cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibitors for preventing preterm labour (protocol stage)

Fetal fibronectin testing for reducing the risk of preterm birth

Home uterine monitoring for detecting preterm labour (protocol stage)

Magnesium supplementation in pregnancy

Prenatal administration of progesterone for preventing preterm birth in women considered to be at risk of preterm birth

Probiotics for preventing preterm labour

Prophylactic oral betamimetics for preventing preterm labour in singleton pregnancies

Relaxation therapy for preventing and treating preterm labour (protocol stage)

Risk scoring systems for predicting preterm birth with the aim of reducing associated adverse outcomes (protocol stage)

Specialised antenatal clinics for women with a pregnancy at high risk of preterm birth (excluding multiple pregnancy) to improve maternal and infant outcomes

Treating periodontal disease for preventing preterm birth in pregnant women (protocol stage)

Fetal maturation/treatment (11)

Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth

Cervical stitch (cerclage) for preventing preterm birth in multiple pregnancy (protocol stage)

Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth

Different magnesium sulphate regimens for neuroprotection of the fetus for women at risk of preterm birth

Intra-amniotic surfactant for women at risk of preterm birth for preventing respiratory distress in newborns

Magnesium sulphate for women at risk of preterm birth for neuroprotection of the fetus

Phenobarbital prior to preterm birth for preventing neonatal periventricular haemorrhage

Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health outcomes

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone added to corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for preventing neonatal respiratory disease

Transplacental versus direct fetal corticosteroid treatment for accelerating fetal lung maturation where there is a risk of preterm birth

Vitamin K prior to preterm birth for preventing neonatal periventricular haemorrhage

Treatment (10)

Betamimetics for inhibiting preterm labour

Calcium channel blockers for inhibiting preterm labour

Combination of tocolytic agents for inhibiting preterm labour (protocol stage)

Cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibitors for treating preterm labour

Hydration for treatment of preterm labour

Magnesium sulphate for preventing preterm birth in threatened preterm labour

Nitric oxide donors for the treatment of preterm labour

Oxytocin receptor antagonists for inhibiting preterm labour

Progestational agents for treating threatened or established preterm labour

Prophylactic antibiotics for inhibiting preterm labour with intact membranes

Maintenance (6)

Home uterine monitoring for detecting preterm labour (protocol stage)

Magnesium maintenance therapy for preventing preterm birth after threatened preterm labour

Maintenance therapy with calcium channel blockers for preventing preterm birth after threatened preterm labour

Maintenance therapy with oxytocin antagonists for inhibiting preterm birth after threatened preterm labour

Oral betamimetics for maintenance therapy after threatened preterm labour

Terbutaline pump maintenance therapy after threatened preterm labor for preventing preterm birth

Delivery (2)

Early versus delayed umbilical cord clamping in preterm infants

Elective caesarean section versus expectant management for delivery of the small baby

Multiple pregnancy (11)

Caesarean delivery for the second twin

Elective delivery of women with a twin pregnancy from 37 weeks' gestation

Fetal and umbilical Doppler ultrasound in high-risk pregnancies

Hospitalisation and bed rest for multiple pregnancy

Interventions for the treatment of twin-twin transfusion syndrome

Nutritional advice for improving outcomes in multiple pregnancies

Planned caesarean section for women with a twin pregnancy (protocol stage)

Planned early delivery versus expectant management for monoamniotic twins (protocol stage)

Prophylactic oral betamimetics for reducing preterm birth in women with a twin pregnancy

Reduction of the number of fetuses for women with triplet and higher order multiple pregnancies

Specialised antenatal clinics for women with a multiple pregnancy for improving maternal and infant outcomes

Antepartum haemorrhage (2)

Interventions for suspected placenta praevia

Interventions for treating placental abruption

Infection during pregnancy (36)

Vaginal infection (11)

Antibiotics for gonorrhoea in pregnancy

Antibiotics for treating bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy

Antibiotics for ureaplasma in the vagina in pregnancy

Interventions for treating genital chlamydia trachomatis infection in pregnancy

Interventions for trichomoniasis in pregnancy

Intrapartum antibiotics for known maternal Group B streptococcal colonization

Prophylactic antibiotic administration during second and third trimester in pregnancy for preventing infectious morbidity and mortality

Third trimester antiviral prophylaxis for preventing maternal genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) recurrences and neonatal infection

Topical treatment for vaginal candidiasis (thrush) in pregnancy

Vaginal chlorhexidine during labour for preventing maternal and neonatal infections (excluding Group B Streptococcal and HIV)

Vaginal chlorhexidine during labour to prevent early-onset neonatal group B streptococcal infection

Urinary tract infection (6)

Antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy

Different antibiotic regimens for treating asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy

Duration of treatment for asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy

Interventions for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection during pregnancy (protocol stage)

Routine blood cultures in the management of pyelonephritis in pregnancy for improving outcomes (protocol stage)

Treatments for symptomatic urinary tract infections during pregnancy

Other infections (19)

Antenatal interventions for preventing the transmission of cytomegalovirus (CMV) from the mother to fetus during pregnancy and adverse outcomes in the congenitally infected infant

Antibiotic regimens for management of intraamniotic infection

Antibiotics for meconium-stained amniotic fluid in labour for preventing maternal and neonatal infections

Antibiotics for syphilis diagnosed during pregnancy

Antiretrovirals for reducing the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection

Caesarean section versus vaginal delivery for preventing mother to infant hepatitis C virus transmission

Drugs for preventing malaria in pregnant women

Drugs for treating uncomplicated malaria in pregnant women

Effect of administration of antihelminthics for soil transmitted helminths during pregnancy

Efficacy and safety of cesarean delivery for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1

Hepatitis B vaccination during pregnancy for preventing infant infection

Insecticide-treated nets for preventing malaria in pregnancy

Interventions for reducing the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection

Pneumococcal vaccination during pregnancy for preventing infant infection

Prenatal education for congenital toxoplasmosis

Treatments for toxoplasmosis in pregnancy

Vaccines for women to prevent neonatal tetanus

Vaginal disinfection for preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection

Vitamin A supplementation for reducing the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection

Fetal malpresentation (10)

Acupuncture for turning a breech baby in pregnancy (protocol stage)

Cephalic version by moxibustion for breech presentation

Cephalic version by postural management for breech presentation

Expedited versus conservative approaches for vaginal delivery in breech presentation

External cephalic version for breech presentation at term

External cephalic version for breech presentation before term

Hands and knees posture in late pregnancy or labour for fetal malposition (lateral or posterior)

Interventions for helping to turn term breech babies to head first presentation when using external cephalic version

Planned caesarean section for term breech delivery

Prophylactic manual rotation for fetal malposition to reduce operative delivery (protocol stage)

Care during childbirth (46)

Place of birth (2)

Alternative versus conventional institutional settings for birth

Home versus hospital birth

Routine intrapartum care (14)

Antenatal education for self-diagnosis of the onset of active labour at term

Caesarean section for non-medical reasons at term

Continuous support for women during childbirth

Effect of partogram use on outcomes for women in spontaneous labour at term

Enemas during labour

Immersion in water in labour and birth

Interventions for ketosis during labour

Intravenous fluids for preventing dehydration and prolonged labour in nulliparous women (protocol stage)

Labour assessment programs to delay admission to labour wards

Maternal positions and mobility during first stage labour

Package of care for active management in labour for reducing caesarean section rates in low-risk women

Restricting oral fluid and food intake during labour

Routine perineal shaving on admission in labour

Use of intra-uterine pressure catheter (IUPC) versus external tocodynamometry (TOCO) during labour for reducing adverse outcomes (protocol stage)

Normal labour - antacids (1)

Routine prophylactic drugs in normal labour for reducing gastric aspiration and its effects

Normal birth (29)

Second stage (7)

Episiotomy for vaginal birth

Fundal pressure during the second stage of labour

Immersion in water in labour and birth

Perineal techniques during the second stage of labour for reducing perineal trauma (protocol stage)

Position in the second stage of labour for women with epidural anaesthesia (protocol stage)

Position in the second stage of labour for women without epidural anaesthesia

Pushing/bearing down methods for the second stage of labour (protocol stage)

Third stage (22)

Active versus expectant management for women in the third stage of labour

Advance misoprostol distribution for preventing and treating postpartum haemorrhage

Alternative positions for the baby at birth before clamping the umbilical cord

Carbetocin for preventing postpartum haemorrhage

Controlled cord traction for the third stage of labour (protocol stage)

Early versus delayed umbilical cord clamping in preterm infants

Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping of term infants on maternal and neonatal outcomes

Fundal pressure versus controlled cord traction as part of the active management of the third stage of labour

Intramuscular versus intravenous prophylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour (protocol stage)

Placental cord drainage after vaginal delivery as part of the management of the third stage of labour

Postpartum misoprostol for preventing maternal mortality and morbidity (protocol stage)

Prophylactic ergometrine-oxytocin versus oxytocin for the third stage of labour

Prophylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour

Prophylactic use of ergot alkaloids in the third stage of labour

Prostaglandins for preventing postpartum haemorrhage

Timing of prophylactic uterotonics for the third stage of labour after vaginal birth

Topical umbilical cord care at birth

Traditional Chinese medicine for preventing postpartum hemorrhage (protocol stage)

Tranexamic acid for preventing postpartum haemorrhage

Umbilical cord antiseptics for preventing sepsis and death among newborns (protocol stage)

Umbilical vein injection for the routine management of third stage of labour (protocol stage)

Uterine massage for preventing postpartum haemorrhage

Postpartum haemorrhage/retained placenta (6)

Prophylactic antibiotics for manual removal of retained placenta in vaginal birth

Prophylactic interventions after delivery of placenta for reducing bleeding during the postnatal period (protocol stage)

Tocolysis for management of retained placenta

Treatment for primary postpartum haemorrhage

Treatments for secondary postpartum haemorrhage

Umbilical vein injection for management of retained placenta

Induction of labour (41)

Specific indications (13)

Elective delivery of women with a twin pregnancy from 37 weeks' gestation

Elective preterm birth for fetal gastroschisis (protocol stage)

Elective repeat caesarean section versus induction of labour for women with a previous caesarean birth

Immediate versus deferred delivery of the preterm baby with suspected fetal compromise for improving outcomes (protocol stage)

Induction of labour for improving birth outcomes for women at or beyond term

Induction of labour for suspected fetal macrosomia

Induction of labour versus expectant management for pre-eclampsia at or near term (protocol stage)

Misoprostol for induction of labour to terminate pregnancy in the second or third trimester for women with a fetal anomaly or after intrauterine fetal death

Planned early birth versus expectant management (waiting) for prelabour rupture of membranes at term (37 weeks or more)

Planned early birth versus expectant management for women with preterm prelabour rupture of membranes prior to 37 weeks' gestation for improving pregnancy outcome

Planned early delivery versus expectant management for monoamniotic twins (protocol stage)

Planned early delivery versus expectant management of the term suspected compromised baby for improving outcomes (protocol stage)

Techniques - primary reviews (25)

Acupuncture for induction of labour

Amniotomy alone for induction of labour

Amniotomy plus intravenous oxytocin for induction of labour

Breast stimulation for cervical ripening and induction of labour

Buccal or sublingual misoprostol for cervical ripening and induction of labour

Castor oil, bath and/or enema for cervical priming and induction of labour

Corticosteroids for cervical ripening and induction of labour

Extra-amniotic prostaglandin for induction of labour

Homoeopathy for induction of labour

Hyaluronidase for cervical ripening and induction of labour

Intracervical prostaglandins for induction of labour

Intravenous oxytocin alone for cervical ripening and induction of labour

Intravenous prostaglandin for induction of labour

Mechanical methods for induction of labour

Membrane sweeping for induction of labour

Methods for cervical ripening and labour induction in late pregnancy: generic protocol (protocol stage)

Mifepristone for induction of labour

Nitric oxide donors for cervical ripening and induction of labour

Oestrogens alone or with amniotomy for cervical ripening or induction of labour

Oral misoprostol for induction of labour

Oral prostaglandin E2 for induction of labour

Relaxin for cervical ripening and induction of labour

Sexual intercourse for cervical ripening and induction of labour

Vaginal misoprostol for cervical ripening and induction of labour

Vaginal prostaglandin (PGE2 and PGF2a) for induction of labour at term

Techniques - secondary reviews (0)

Miscellaneous (3)

Different methods for the induction of labour in outpatient settings

Morning versus evening induction of labour for improving outcomes (protocol stage)

Outpatient versus inpatient induction of labour for improving birth outcomes

Pain during labour (23)

Non-pharmacological methods (10)

Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management in labour

Aromatherapy for pain management in labour

Biofeedback for pain management during labour

Complementary and alternative therapies for pain management in labour

Hypnosis for pain management during labour and childbirth (protocol stage)

Manual healing methods including massage and reflexology for pain management in labour (protocol stage)

Pain management for women in labour: an overview of systematic reviews (protocol stage)

Pain management for women in labour: generic protocol (protocol stage)

Relaxation techniques for pain management in labour (protocol stage)

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for pain management in labour

Pharmacological methods (13)

Combined spinal-epidural versus epidural analgesia in labour

Discontinuation of epidural analgesia late in labour for reducing the adverse delivery outcomes associated with epidural analgesia

Early versus late initiation of epidural analgesia for labour (protocol stage)

Epidural catheter replacement and intrathecal catheter techniques for preventing post-dural puncture headache following an inadvertent dural puncture in labour (protocol stage)

Epidural versus non-epidural or no analgesia in labour

Inhaled analgesia for pain management in labour (protocol stage)

Intracutaneous or subcutaneous sterile water injection compared with blinded controls for pain management in labour (protocol stage)

Local anaesthetic nerve block for pain management in labour (protocol stage)

Non-opioid drugs for pain management in labour (protocol stage)

Pain management for women in labour: an overview of systematic reviews (protocol stage)

Pain management for women in labour: generic protocol (protocol stage)

Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour

Prophylactic intravenous preloading for regional analgesia in labour

Dystocia (10)

Fetopelvic disproportion (2)

Pelvimetry for fetal cephalic presentations at or near term

Symphysiotomy for feto-pelvic disproportion

Prevention (1)

Intrapartum interventions for preventing shoulder dystocia

Augmentation (6)

Early amniotomy and early oxytocin for prevention of, or therapy for, delay in first stage spontaneous labour compared with routine care

Antispasmodics for labour (protocol stage)

High dose versus low dose oxytocin for augmentation of delayed labour

Oxytocin augmentation of labour in women with epidural analgesia for reducing operative deliveries (protocol stage)

Oxytocin versus no treatment or delayed treatment for slow progress in the first stage of spontaneous labour

Malposition (1)

Expedited versus conservative approaches for vaginal delivery in breech presentation

Other (0)

Fetal compromise during labour (19)

Diagnosis/prevention (11)

Admission tests other than cardiotocography for fetal assessment during labour

Cardiotocography versus intermittent auscultation of fetal heart on admission to labour ward for assessment of fetal wellbeing

Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) for fetal monitoring during labour

Fetal pulse oximetry for fetal assessment in labour

Intermittent auscultation (IA) of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well-being (protocol stage)

Intrapartum fetal scalp lactate sampling for fetal assessment in the presence of a non-reassuring fetal heart rate trace

Magnesium sulphate for women at term for neuroprotection of the fetus (protocol stage)

Near-infrared spectroscopy for fetal assessment during labour

Prophylactic versus therapeutic amnioinfusion for oligohydramnios in labour

Vibroacoustic stimulation for fetal assessment in labour in the presence of a nonreassuring fetal heart rate trace

Treatment (8)

Amnioinfusion for meconium-stained liquor in labour

Amnioinfusion for potential or suspected umbilical cord compression in labour

Maternal oxygen administration for fetal distress

Operative versus conservative management for 'fetal distress' in labour

Piracetam for fetal distress in labour

Prophylactic versus therapeutic amnioinfusion for oligohydramnios in labour

Tocolysis for preventing fetal distress in second stage of labour

Tocolytics for suspected intrapartum fetal distress

Perineal trauma (8)

Prevention (2)

Antenatal perineal massage for reducing perineal trauma

Episiotomy for vaginal birth

Repair (6)

Absorbable suture materials for primary repair of episiotomy and second degree tears

Antibiotic prophylaxis for third- and fourth-degree perineal tear during vaginal birth

Continuous versus interrupted sutures for repair of episiotomy or second degree tears

Methods of repair for obstetric anal sphincter injury

Secondary suturing compared to non-suturing for broken down perineal wounds following childbirth (protocol stage)

Surgical repair of spontaneous perineal tears that occur during childbirth versus no intervention

Operative vaginal delivery (5)

Analgesia for forceps delivery (protocol stage)

Antibiotic prophylaxis for operative vaginal delivery

Choice of instruments for assisted vaginal delivery

Rapid versus stepwise negative pressure application for vacuum extraction assisted vaginal delivery

Trial of instrumental delivery in theatre versus immediate caesarean section for anticipated difficult assisted births

Caesarean section (35)

Anaesthesia (8)

Combined spinal-epidural versus spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (protocol stage)

Interventions at caesarean section for reducing the risk of aspiration pneumonitis

Interventions for reducing nausea and vomiting at caesarean section (protocol stage)

Regional versus general anaesthesia for caesarean section

Spinal versus epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section

Supplemental oxygen for caesarean section during regional anaesthesia (protocol stage)

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section

Use of hyperbaric versus isobaric bupivacaine for spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (protocol stage)

Surgical techniques (12)

Abdominal surgical incisions for caesarean section

Closure versus non-closure of the peritoneum at caesarean section

Extra-abdominal versus intra-abdominal repair of the uterine incision at caesarean section

Local anaesthetic wound infiltration and abdominal nerves block during caesarean section for postoperative pain relief

Methods of delivering the placenta at caesarean section

Skin preparation for preventing infection following caesarean section (protocol stage)

Surgical techniques for uterine incision and uterine closure at the time of caesarean section

Techniques and materials for closure of the abdominal wall in caesarean section

Techniques and materials for skin closure in caesarean section

Techniques for caesarean section

Vaginal preparation with antiseptic solution before cesarean section for preventing postoperative infections

Wound drainage for caesarean section

Other interventions (14)

Antibiotic prophylaxis versus no prophylaxis for preventing infection after cesarean section

Corticosteroids for preventing neonatal respiratory morbidity after elective caesarean section at term

Different classes of antibiotics given to women routinely for preventing infection at caesarean section

Early compared with delayed oral fluids and food after caesarean section

Information for pregnant women about caesarean birth

Maternal position during caesarean section for preventing maternal and neonatal complications

Mechanical dilatation of the cervix at non-labour caesarean section for reducing postoperative morbidity (protocol stage)

Medical methods for preventing blood loss at caesarean section (protocol stage)

Music during caesarean section under regional anaesthesia for improving maternal and infant outcomes

Non-clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section

Planned caesarean section versus planned vaginal delivery for severe preeclampsia (protocol stage)

Planned elective repeat caesarean section versus planned vaginal birth for women with a previous caesarean birth

Timing of prophylactic antibiotics for preventing postpartum infectious morbidity in women undergoing cesarean delivery (protocol stage)

Tocolysis for assisting delivery at caesarean section

Thromboprophylaxis (1)

Prophylaxis for venous thromboembolic disease in pregnancy and the early postnatal period

Care after childbirth (20)

Basic care of mother and baby (8)

Diet or exercise, or both, for weight reduction in women after childbirth

Early postnatal discharge from hospital for healthy mothers and term infants

Early skin-to-skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants

Education for contraceptive use by women after childbirth

Home visits during pregnancy and after birth for women with an alcohol or drug problem

Postnatal parental education for optimizing infant general health and parent-infant relationships

Schedules for home visits in the early postpartum period (protocol stage)

Telephone support for women during pregnancy and the first six weeks postpartum (protocol stage)

Miscellaneous symptoms after childbirth (4)

Analgesia for relief of pain due to uterine cramping/involution after birth

Antibiotic regimens for endometritis after delivery

Pelvic floor muscle training for prevention and treatment of urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and postnatal women

Prophylactic interventions after delivery of placenta for reducing bleeding during the postnatal period (protocol stage)

Unhappiness after childbirth (8)

General (5)

Dietary supplements for preventing postnatal depression (protocol stage)

Hypnosis during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postnatal period for preventing postnatal depression (protocol stage)

Oestrogens and progestins for preventing and treating postpartum depression

Psychosocial and psychological interventions for preventing postpartum depression

Support for mothers, fathers and families after perinatal death

Drug treatment [Cochrane Depression, Anxiety and Neurosis Group] (2)

Antidepressant prevention of postnatal depression

Antidepressant treatment for post-natal depression

Psychotherapy [Cochrane Depression, Anxiety and Neurosis Group] (1)

Psychosocial and psychological interventions for treating postpartum depression

Perineal pain (6)

Drugs for perineal pain in the early postpartum period: generic protocol (protocol stage)

Local cooling for relieving pain from perineal trauma sustained during childbirth

Paracetamol/acetaminophen (single administration) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period

Rectal analgesia for pain from perineal trauma following childbirth

Therapeutic ultrasound for postpartum perineal pain and dyspareunia

Topically applied anaesthetics for treating perineal pain after childbirth

Lactation (22)

Antenatal preparation (2)

Antenatal breast examination for promoting breastfeeding

Antenatal breastfeeding education for increasing breastfeeding duration

Supporting breastfeeding mothers (6)

Baby-led versus scheduled breastfeeding for healthy newborns (protocol stage)

Interventions for promoting the initiation of breastfeeding

Interventions for treating painful nipples among breastfeeding women (protocol stage)

Interventions in the workplace to support breastfeeding for women in employment

Separate care for new mother and infant versus rooming-in for increasing the duration of breastfeeding (protocol stage)

Support for breastfeeding mothers

'Supplementing' the baby (2)

Cup feeding versus other forms of supplemental enteral feeding for newborn infants unable to fully breastfeed

Early additional food and fluids for healthy breastfed full-term infants

Maternal interventions (10)

Antibiotics for mastitis in breastfeeding women

Combined hormonal versus nonhormonal versus progestin-only contraception in lactation

Extra fluids for breastfeeding mothers (protocol stage)

Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth

Maternal dietary antigen avoidance during pregnancy or lactation, or both, for preventing or treating atopic disease in the child

Medications for increasing milk supply in mothers expressing breastmilk for their hospitalised infants (protocol stage)

Methods of milk expression for lactating women

Supplementation with long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) to breastfeeding mothers for improving child growth and development

Vitamin A supplementation for postpartum women

Duration of breastfeeding (1)

Optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding

Miscellaneous (1)

Pacifier use versus no pacifier use in breastfeeding term infants for increasing duration of breastfeeding

Breast symptoms in non-lactating women (2)

Non-pharmacological approaches (1)

Treatments for suppression of lactation

Pharmacological approaches (1)

Treatments for suppression of lactation

Obsolete (47)

Absorbable staples for uterine incision at caesarean section

Active versus expectant management in the third stage of labour

Antibiotic prophylaxis for cesarean section

Antibiotic prophylaxis regimens and drugs for cesarean section

Antihistamines versus aspirin for itching in late pregnancy

Antiplatelet agents for preventing and treating pre-eclampsia

Cardiotocography for antepartum fetal assessment

Caregiver support for postpartum depression

Caregiver support for women during childbirth

Chorion villus sampling versus amniocentesis for prenatal diagnosis

Commercial hospital discharge packs for breastfeeding women

Continuity of caregivers for care during pregnancy and childbirth

Continuous electronic heart rate monitoring for fetal assessment during labor

Corticosteroids for HELLP syndrome in pregnancy

Dietary regulation for 'gestational diabetes'

Doppler ultrasound for fetal assessment in high risk pregnancies

Early amniocentesis versus transabdominal chorion villus sampling for prenatal diagnosis

Energy/protein restriction for high weight-for-height or weight gain during pregnancy

Folate supplementation in pregnancy

High protein supplementation in pregnancy

Human chorionic gonadotrophin for recurrent miscarriage

Interventions for nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy

Interventions for preventing or improving the outcome of delivery at or beyond term

Intrapartum antibiotics for Group B streptococcal colonisation

Iron and folate supplementation in pregnancy

Iron supplementation in pregnancy

Isocaloric balanced protein supplementation in pregnancy

Lateral tilt for caesarean section

Manual removal of placenta at caesarean section

Maternal antigen avoidance during lactation for preventing atopic disease in infants of women at high risk

Maternal antigen avoidance during lactation for preventing atopic eczema in infants

Nutritional advice in pregnancy

Oxytocin for prelabour rupture of membranes at or near term

Periconceptional supplementation with folate and/or multivitamins for preventing neural tube defects

Prophylactic corticosteroids for preterm birth

Prophylactic versus selective blood transfusion for sickle cell anaemia during pregnancy

Prostaglandins for prelabour rupture of membranes at or near term

Prostaglandins versus oxytocin for prelabour rupture of membranes at or near term

Prostaglandins versus oxytocin for prelabour rupture of membranes at term

Single versus two layer suturing for closing the uterine incision at Caesarean section

Soft versus rigid vacuum extractor cups for assisted vaginal delivery